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# Towards a Universal Dependency Corpus for Old Saxon (Old Low German)

**Authors:** [Christian Chiarcos](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/christian-chiarcos/), Janine Siewert · **Year:** 2026 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Universal Dependencies (UDW 2026) **Link:** [aclanthology.org/2026.udw-1.25](https://aclanthology.org/2026.udw-1.25/) · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) (ELRA, LREC proceedings) — summary only

[**0** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W7166587011) openalex · 2026-10-18[**1** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/chiarcos-2026-universal-dependency-corpus-old-saxon/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Universal Dependencies (UDW 2026)](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/2026.udw-1/)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2026.udw-1.25/)
- [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2026.udw-1.25.pdf)
- [DOI 10.63317/592dfv44cgke](https://doi.org/10.63317/592dfv44cgke)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W7166587011)

**Authors (2)**

1. [Christian Chiarcos](https://openalex.org/A5070093758) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4428-029X) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/2391592446) · h 22 · 1690 citations · 326 works
2. [Janine Siewert](https://openalex.org/A5067629750) [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/2285749548) · h 4 · 23 citations · 28 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex (2026-10-18); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

Old Saxon sits in the West Germanic dialect continuum between Old English and Old High German. Its main text, the 9th-century Heliand, has been annotated three times, each time in a different tradition: Penn-style constituency (HeliPaD, 46,000 tokens, built on the Old English Penn scheme), tier-based morphosyntax (DDD), and partial phrase chunks (B4). The authors annotate a small UD gold set by hand, about 2,000 tokens from Heliand fit 1 and a Genesis fragment, and write a declarative Penn-to-UD converter. The converter has 12 head-finding rules (21 SPARQL updates), each logged with the rule that fired. The editions of the two corpora are tokenized differently, so the converted HeliPaD is aligned to the gold before scoring, and only 678 tokens can be compared. On those, UPOS is 96.9%, UAS 76.8% and LAS 58.6%. Most label errors are differences of convention rather than of analysis: `nmod:gen` against `nmod`, `det:poss` against `det`, *and/or/but* as `cc` or `mark`, and datives as `iobj` where UD v2 recommends `obl` for German-like languages. Fixing these would raise LAS to 68.4%.

## Ideas

- I1. Head rules as a logged, ordered list. A Penn-to-UD converter for historical English trees (PPCEME-style brackets, for evaluation only if the licence allows) can be a short ordered rule list in Rust where each attachment records the rule that made it. That is the same `why` trace Mova keeps elsewhere, and it makes a converter error findable.
- I2. Before reading a low LAS as parser error, sort the label disagreements into convention classes. The paper's three classes (genitive subtype, possessive subtype, cc vs mark for coordinators) can become a `tools/parsecmp` report that counts "same arc, convention label" separately from real errors.
- I3. Decide lemma-based labels for coordinators once: *and, or, but* → `cc`, whatever the clause analysis. A small gate in `tools/treeagree` can enforce this on the school silver and on the Torah parses (*and*-chains are the backbone of biblical style).
- I4. Dative arguments: when the biblical register gives an archaic dative-like reading ("he gave him bread", "the ethical dative" in [8. Word order and phrase structure](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en-x-emode/08-word-order/)), follow UD v2 English practice (`iobj` for the bare second object, `obl` for PP datives) and test it with a count over the KJV parses.

## For Mova

[8. Word order and phrase structure](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en-x-emode/08-word-order/) (datives, *and*-chains) and `11-biblical-style.md`; [24. Coordination and subordination](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/24-coordination-subordination/) for the cc/mark decision. Code: `tools/treeagree` (gates, I3), `tools/parsecmp` (convention-class report, I2), `en/src/udreg.rs` for allowed subtypes. Measure: LAS with and without the convention classes on EWT dev and on the Torah parses.

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.63317/592dfv44cgke](https://doi.org/10.63317/592dfv44cgke)

```
@inproceedings{chiarcos2026universal,
  title = {{Towards a Universal Dependency Corpus for Old Saxon (Old Low German)}},
  author = {Chiarcos, Christian and Siewert, Janine},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Universal Dependencies (UDW 2026)},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.63317/592dfv44cgke},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.63317/592dfv44cgke}
}
```

- [← previous New Technologies for Old Germanic. Resources and Research on Parallel Bibles in Older Continental Western Germanic](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/chiarcos-2014-new-technologies-old-germanic-resources/)
- [next → Integrating syntactic theory and variationist analysis: The structure of negative indefinites in regional dialects of British English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/childs-2017-integrating-syntactic-theory-variationist-analysis/)
- [↑ back to English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/en/)

## References

34 references, 2 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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4. Christian Chiarcos and Christian Fäth. 2017. CoNLL-RDF: Linked corpora done in an NLP-friendly way. In International Conference on Language, Data and Knowledge, pages 74–88. Springer. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Christian+Chiarcos+and+Christian+F%C3%A4th%2E+2017%2E+CoNLL%2DRDF%3A+Linked+corpora+done+in+an+NLP%2Dfriendly+way%2E+In+International+Conference+on+Language%2C+Data+and+Knowledge%2C+pages+74%E2%80%9388%2E+Springer%2E)
5. Christian Chiarcos and Christian Fäth. 2019. Graph-based annotation engineering: towards a gold corpus for Role and Reference Grammar. In 2nd Conference on Language, Data and Knowledge (LDK 2019). Schloss Dagstuhl-Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Christian+Chiarcos+and+Christian+F%C3%A4th%2E+2019%2E+Graph%2Dbased+annotation+engineering%3A+towards+a+gold+corpus+for+Role+and+Reference+Grammar%2E+In+2nd+Conference+on+Language%2C+Data+and+Knowledge+%28LDK+2019%29%2E+Sch)
6. Christian Chiarcos, Christian Fäth, and Maxim Ionov. 2022. Querying a dozen corpora and a thousand years with Fintan. In Proceedings of the Thirteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC-2022), pages 4011–4021, Marseille, France. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Christian+Chiarcos%2C+Christian+F%C3%A4th%2C+and+Maxim+Ionov%2E+2022%2E+Querying+a+dozen+corpora+and+a+thousand+years+with+Fintan%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+Thirteenth+Language+Resources+and+Evaluation+Conference+%28LRE)
7. Christian Chiarcos and Luis Glaser. 2020. A Tree Extension for CoNLL-RDF. In Proceedings of the 12th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC-2020), pages 7161–7169, Marseille, France (online). [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Christian+Chiarcos+and+Luis+Glaser%2E+2020%2E+A+Tree+Extension+for+CoNLL%2DRDF%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+12th+Language+Resources+and+Evaluation+Conference+%28LREC%2D2020%29%2C+pages+7161%E2%80%937169%2C+Marseille%2C+France+%28onlin)
8. Christian Chiarcos, Maxim Ionov, Luis Glaser, and Christian Fäth. 2021. An Ontology for CoNLL-RDF: Formal Data Structures for TSV Formats in Language Technology. In 3rd Conference on Language, Data and Knowledge (LDK 2021). Schloss Dagstuhl-Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Christian+Chiarcos%2C+Maxim+Ionov%2C+Luis+Glaser%2C+and+Christian+F%C3%A4th%2E+2021%2E+An+Ontology+for+CoNLL%2DRDF%3A+Formal+Data+Structures+for+TSV+Formats+in+Language+Technology%2E+In+3rd+Conference+on+Language%2C+Data+an)
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