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# Multitiered Nonlinear Morphology Using Multitape Finite Automata: A Case Study on Syriac and Arabic

**Authors:** [George Anton Kiraz](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/george-anton-kiraz/) · **Year:** 2000 · **Venue:** Computational Linguistics **Link:** [aclanthology.org/J00-1006](https://aclanthology.org/J00-1006/) · library `cl-2000-kiraz-multitiered-nonlinear-morphology-multitape-finite` · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/) — summary only

[**21** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/cl-2000-kiraz-multitiered-nonlinear-morphology-multitape-finite/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[Computational Linguistics](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/J00-1/)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/J00-1006/)
- [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/J00-1006.pdf)

**Authors (1)**

1. Kiraz, George Anton

Citations and author metrics from OpenAlex (); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

Semitic root-and-pattern morphology, such as the Syriac stems built from the root {ktb} with different patterns and a passive marked by the reflexive prefix, does not fit two-level morphology, which assumes that a surface form is a concatenation of lexical morphemes. Kiraz proposes a multitiered model with three parts: a lexicon split into sublexica (root, pattern, vocalism), a bidirectional rewrite-rule component that maps several lexical tiers onto one surface string, and a morphotactic component written as regular grammars. Lexicon and rules are compiled into multitape finite-state machines, and the examples are Syriac verb measures and Arabic moraic nominals. The paper's comparison with earlier Semitic finite-state work (its section 6) is not summarised here, so no figures are given. The implementation is a research prototype.

## Ideas

- I1. Use the Syriac verb table (measures 1 to 3 of {ktb}, active vocalism {ae}, passive vocalism {aa} with the prefix {?et}) as a small hand-checked test set for the Aramaic verb chapter: each form split into root, pattern and vocalism, with the surface form as the expected output.
- I2. Keep root, pattern (including affixes such as the reflexive prefix) and vocalism as separate sublexica, and write the assimilation of the prefix consonant before a root-initial t as an ordered rewrite rule with obligatory and optional contexts, as the paper's formalism does.
- I3. Treat the unwritten vowels of Hebrew as a hidden tier: in unpointed mode, `tools/hbo` lists the candidate vocalisms for each consonantal root and lets the parser choose among them, rather than fixing one reading in the segmenter.

## For Mova

I1 goes into [The verb in Biblical Aramaic](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/arc/verbs/) as a test table. I2 goes into [Script and phonology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/arc/script-phonology/) as a rule-ordering note. I3 goes into `tools/hbo` (unpointed mode), with the verb paradigms checked in [The verb](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/hbo/06-verb/). No text from the paper is quoted.

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```
@article{kiraz2000multitiered,
  title = {{Multitiered Nonlinear Morphology Using Multitape Finite Automata: A Case Study on Syriac and Arabic}},
  author = {Kiraz, George Anton},
  journal = {Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2000},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/J00-1006/}
}
```

- [← previous Modeling linking between text and lexicon with OntoLex-Lemon: a case study of computational terminology for the Babylonian Talmud](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2024-sciolette-modeling-linking-between-text-lexicon/)
- [next → Studies in the Grammar and Lexicon of Neo-Aramaic](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbobook-obp0209-khan-studies-grammar-lexicon-neo-aramaic/)
- [↑ back to Aramaic](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/arc/)

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