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# Discourse Markers in Speech: Distinctive Features and Corpus Annotation

**Authors:** Ludivine Crible, Maria-Josep Cuenca · **Year:** 2017 · **Venue:** Dialogue & Discourse 8(2) **Link:** [aclanthology.org/2017.dnd-8.4](https://aclanthology.org/2017.dnd-8.4/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

[**92** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2780853053) openalex · 2026-10-19[**2** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/crible-2017-discourse-markers-speech-distinctive-features/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[Dialogue & Discourse](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/2017.dnd-8/)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2017.dnd-8.4/)
- [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2017.dnd-8.4.pdf)
- [DOI 10.5087/dad.2017.207](https://doi.org/10.5087/dad.2017.207)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2780853053)

**Authors (2)**

1. [Ludivine Crible](https://openalex.org/A5039098109) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6300-2765) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/66504436) · h 22 · 1305 citations · 127 works
2. [Maria-Josep Cuenca](https://openalex.org/A5006553615) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8606-7131) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/66958637) · h 19 · 1523 citations · 124 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex (2026-10-19); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

Discourse marker annotation schemes (RST, PDTB) were designed for planned writing; the paper shows, with examples and counts from DisFrEn (a French–English spoken corpus of 161,700 words with 8,743 annotated markers), how spoken markers differ. Structures are truncated or independent (one argument missing or implicit) and scope can be far-reaching (over a digression or several utterances). Meaning is vague and multifunctional: markers serve propositional relations, structural functions (topic shift, resuming, opening, closing) and modal or interpersonal ones (agreement, monitoring, emphasis); propositional uses are 36.5% of markers in news broadcasts but only 20% in conversation. *And* in speech is addition only 57% of the time, then specification 16%, consequence 9%, topic shift 4% and more, whereas in PDTB's written news it is conjunction 91%. Up to 20% of spoken markers occur in strings (*and so, but I mean, and then*), either adding functions or composing one. The authors recommend schemes that allow a missing argument, non-relational uses, several simultaneous functions and marked co-occurrence.

## Ideas

- I1. Tale dialogue is written speech, so Mova's reader needs the non-relational readings: a quote-initial *Well, / Why, / Now, / Oh,* with a comma is an interjection or marker, not a wh-question or a time adverb. In particular «Why, it is the fox!» must not become `Ask::Cause`. Add a rule (comma-separated sentence-initial *why/well/now/so* in a quote → marker, no link, no question) with minimal-pair tests in `prag/src/frames.rs` and `prag/src/feats.rs` (the `wh` slot); count how many tale quotes start this way.
- I2. Do not create a `cause` link from a sentence-initial *So* in a quote or a lesson that opens a conclusion about several earlier sentences or changes topic («So, children, what have we learned?»); keep `cause` for *so* that joins two clauses of one sentence or follows a single event sentence. Measure cause precision on the frame bench and on lessons.
- I3. Read marker strings as one decision: *and then* → `next`, *and so* → `cause`, *but then* → contrast + `next`; the second marker decides the link. A short list in the connective table (see `das-2018-constructing-lexicon-english-discourse-connectives` I1).

## For Mova

[38. Dialogue, discourse markers and reported speech](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/38-dialogue-and-discourse-markers/) §4–5 (discourse markers, interjections), `36-discourse-relations.md` §6, §11.1. Code: `prag/src/frames.rs`, `prag/src/feats.rs`, `prag/data/cues.tsv` (`intj`). Measures: frame bench cause/next precision, question-reading errors on quotes starting with *Why,*.

Topics: [Discourse analysis](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/topics/discourse-analysis/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.5087/dad.2017.207](https://doi.org/10.5087/dad.2017.207)

```
@inproceedings{crible2017discourse,
  title = {{Discourse Markers in Speech: Distinctive Features and Corpus Annotation}},
  author = {Crible, Ludivine and Cuenca, Maria-Josep},
  booktitle = {Dialogue \& Discourse},
  year = {2017},
  doi = {10.5087/dad.2017.207},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5087/dad.2017.207}
}
```

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