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# "I'll be there for you": The One with Understanding Indirect Answers

**Authors:** Cathrine Damgaard, Paulina Toborek, Trine Eriksen, [Barbara Plank](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/barbara-plank/) · **Year:** 2021 · **Venue:** CODI 2021 (Workshop on Computational Approaches to Discourse) **Link:** [aclanthology.org/2021.codi-main.1](https://aclanthology.org/2021.codi-main.1/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) (paper); the data comes from transcripts of a TV series — test use only at most

[**5** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3213667696) openalex · 2026-10-18[**8** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/damgaard-2021-i-ll-be-there-you/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Discourse](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/2021.codi-main/)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2021.codi-main.1/)
- [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2021.codi-main.1.pdf)
- [DOI 10.18653/v1/2021.codi-main.1](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.codi-main.1)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W3213667696)

**Authors (4)**

1. [Cathrine Damgaard](https://openalex.org/A5056791418) [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/2138511878) · h 2 · 9 citations · 6 works
2. [Paulina Toborek](https://openalex.org/A5081308352) [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/2138546511) · h 2 · 8 citations · 4 works
3. [Trine Eriksen](https://openalex.org/A5038320274) [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/2138322250) · h 2 · 9 citations · 5 works
4. [Barbara Plank](https://openalex.org/A5088832285) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4394-1965) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/2022124) · h 39 · 5158 citations · 322 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex (2026-10-18); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

Instead of crowd-writing questions and answers as Circa did, the authors mined 5,930 polar question–indirect answer pairs from the transcripts of a sitcom (228 episodes), removed bare *yes*/*no*-type words from the answers, sometimes added context to the question, and had three in-house annotators label them with Circa's relaxed classes (yes, no, conditional yes, neither). Agreement is high (Fleiss kappa 0.88; all three agree on 75%). The data is harder than Circa: longer, more varied answers, irony, mind changes within an answer. CNN classifiers reach 55% accuracy / 33 macro-F1 with GloVe and 64 / 49 with BERT features (majority 49 / 16); the answer alone again carries most of the signal. Training on each annotator's raw labels through a "crowd layer" raises macro-F1 (to 55 on dev), mostly on the rare conditional class, while adding Circa to training does not help.

## Ideas

- I1. Mine the same kind of test set from Mova's own tales: a quoted yes/no question followed by a quoted reply of another character, bare yes/no stripped, labelled by the teacher with the four relaxed classes. It is in domain and licence-clean, unlike either sitcom or crowd data, and is the dev set for the frame-based reading of indirect answers proposed under `louis-2020-i-d-rather-just-go` I1.
- I2. Use the paper's two lists of answer cues as a starting cue set with strength: the removed direct mappers (*yes, yeah, yep, no, nope, nah*) as strong agree/disagree cues, and the kept ones (*of course (not), sure, I guess (not), no way, all right, fine, not really*) as weaker or hedged ones. Put them into `prag/data/cues.tsv` (our own list) and check how many silver `agree`/`disagree` lines each cue covers and with what precision.
- I3. For the hardest `prag` fields (`indirect`, `polarity`), keep more than one teacher judgement where they differ (two prompts or two teacher runs) and train the perceptron on soft or weighted targets instead of one label. The paper's gain from raw annotations is on the rare class, which is where Mova's act and indirect fields are weakest. Measure macro-F1 for rare classes in `prag eval`; control: the same with the labels of the two runs shuffled between sentences.
- I4. The failed Circa+Friends union is a warning for Mova: data from another genre may not help tales. Any outside data for `prag` gets a dev check per genre (tales, Tatoeba, lessons) before it is kept.

## For Mova

[38. Dialogue, discourse markers and reported speech](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/38-dialogue-and-discourse-markers/) §9 (questions and answers in dialogue), `31-speech-acts.md` (agree/disagree). Code: `prag/data/cues.tsv`, `prag/src/model.rs` (weighted targets), `prag/src/silver.rs` (second teacher judgement). Measures: accuracy and macro-F1 on a tale question–reply set; rare-class macro-F1 in `prag eval`.

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.18653/v1/2021.codi-main.1](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.codi-main.1)

```
@inproceedings{damgaard2021i,
  title = {{"I'll be there for you": The One with Understanding Indirect Answers}},
  author = {Damgaard, Cathrine and Toborek, Paulina and Eriksen, Trine and Plank, Barbara},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Discourse},
  year = {2021},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2021.codi-main.1},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.codi-main.1}
}
```

- [← previous The Role of the Gricean Maxims in the Generation of Referring Expressions](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/dale-1996-role-gricean-maxims-generation-referring/)
- [next → Constructing a Lexicon of English Discourse Connectives](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/das-2018-constructing-lexicon-english-discourse-connectives/)
- [↑ back to English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/en/)

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