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# Multiword expressions as discourse markers in Hebrew and Lithuanian

**Authors:** Giedre Valunaite Oleskeviciene; [Chaya Liebeskind](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/chaya-liebeskind/) · **Year:** 2021 · **Venue:** Proceedings for the First Workshop on Modelling Translation: Translatology in the Digital Age **Link:** [aclanthology.org/2021.motra-1.5](https://aclanthology.org/2021.motra-1.5/) · library `disc-2021-oleskeviciene-multiword-expressions-as-discourse-markers` · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

[**0** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W6912549586) openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14[Proceedings for the First Workshop on Modelling Translation: Translatology in the Digital Age](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/2021.motra-1/)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2021.motra-1.5/)
- [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2021.motra-1.5.pdf)
- [DOI 10.5281/zenodo.4819241](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4819241)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W6912549586)

**Authors (2)**

1. [Giedre Valunaite Oleskeviciene](https://openalex.org/A5123018726) h 1 · 2 citations · 17 works
2. [Chaya Liebeskind](https://openalex.org/A5048937508) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0476-3796) · h 10 · 325 citations · 113 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex-snapshot (2026-10-14); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

The authors take English–Lithuanian–Hebrew TED talk transcripts (87,230 aligned sentences) and extract English multiword expressions that can act as discourse markers. Phrase-based SMT alignment gives the target renderings, and the authors then check by hand which occurrences are discourse markers and which are content words. "I think" (580 occurrences, 473 as markers) and "you know" (573, 380 as markers) keep their stance function across translation, while "that is" and "you see" are mostly content uses. In Hebrew the stance markers mostly stay multiword, with masculine forms far more frequent than feminine ones and 113 omissions for "you know"; in Lithuanian they collapse into one inflected verb, with 48 omissions for "I think".

## Ideas

- I1. A clause-edge rule on UD trees: "I think" or "you know" is a stance marker when it has no clausal complement and sits at a clause edge; it is a content use when it takes a `ccomp` or an object. Test it against the paper's manual split (I think 473 / 107; you know 380 / 193) if the labels can be obtained.
- I2. Four fixed shift labels (substitution, transposition, omission, supplementation) for comparing parallel sentences. Each marker pair gets exactly one label, so translation counts are deterministic and can be checked twice.
- I3. A gender default for second-person plural address: the paper's Hebrew data (citing Tobin 2001) shows masculine forms for purely male and mixed audiences, with feminine forms used only for all-female address. A generator rule can default to masculine for mixed audiences and make the choice explicit when the audience is known.

## For Mova

I1 goes into `prag` as a discourse-marker role with a test set under `tools/`. I2 is a labelling scheme for any translation test that Mova runs under its own translation rules. I3 is a generation note for [05. The verb: system, binyanim, tense and use](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/he/05-verbs/) and [9. Pragmatics and politeness](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/he/09-pragmatics-politeness/).

Topics: [Discourse analysis](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/topics/discourse-analysis/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.5281/zenodo.4819241](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4819241)

```
@inproceedings{oleskeviciene2021multiword,
  title = {{Multiword expressions as discourse markers in Hebrew and Lithuanian}},
  author = {Oleskeviciene, Giedre Valunaite and Liebeskind, Chaya},
  booktitle = {Proceedings for the First Workshop on Modelling Translation: Translatology in the Digital Age},
  year = {2021},
  doi = {10.5281/zenodo.4819241},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4819241}
}
```

- [← previous Beyond Word Boundaries: A Hebrew Coreference Benchmark and an Evaluation Protocol for Morphologically Complex Text](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/coref-2026-greenfeld-beyond-word-boundaries-hebrew-coreference/)
- [next → "Talk to me with left, right, and angles": Lexical entrainment in spoken Hebrew dialogue](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/eacl-2021-weise-talk-me-left-right-angles/)
- [↑ back to Modern Hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/he/)

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