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# A Truly Joint Neural Architecture for Segmentation and Parsing

**Authors:** Danit Yshaayahu Levi; [Reut Tsarfaty](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/reut-tsarfaty/) · **Year:** 2024 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) **Link:** [aclanthology.org/2024.eacl-long.84](https://aclanthology.org/2024.eacl-long.84/) · library `eacl-2024-levi-truly-joint-neural-architecture-segmentation` · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

[**1** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4411630219) openalex · 2026-10-18[**6** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/eacl-2024-levi-truly-joint-neural-architecture-segmentation/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/2024.eacl-long/)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2024.eacl-long.84/)
- [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2024.eacl-long.84.pdf)
- [DOI 10.18653/v1/2024.eacl-long.84](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.eacl-long.84)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4411630219)

**Authors (2)**

1. Danit Yshaayahu Levi
2. [Reut Tsarfaty](https://openalex.org/A5063283689) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6406-6568) · h 24 · 2886 citations · 217 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex (2026-10-18); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

The paper argues that Hebrew segmentation and dependency parsing should be solved jointly, as pre-neural parsers did. Each token is expanded into a lattice of all morphological analyses from an existing analyzer, and the lattice is linearized into one sequence of segments. A biaffine arc-factored parser scores arcs over that sequence; segments of unused analyses attach to an auxiliary node that is removed at inference, and a constrained maximum spanning tree enforces exactly one analysis per token with no arcs across analyses. On the UD Hebrew HTB split the single joint model gets about 97.7 segmentation F1 and 85.45 dependency F1, above the Stanza and Trankit pipelines in this setup. The error analysis of 50 dev sentences finds 108 parser errors, 70% of them prediction errors, and PP attachment (obl versus nmod) is the largest class.

## Ideas

- I1. Constrained lattice in `tools/hbo`: keep every candidate split from the prefix and suffix tables for a token, let `gparse` score them, and enforce one split per token and no arcs across splits of the same token. Replace the single segmenter output and measure segmentation F1 and LAS with and without the constraint on a held-out Hebrew set.
- I2. An auxiliary root for unused segments: one extra node that absorbs the segments that the chosen analysis does not use, dropped at inference. The parser then decides which splits are real, and the number of dropped segments per sentence becomes a measure.
- I3. A regression set of the obl/nmod confusions: the paper's Table 8 lists 11 obl and 10 nmod errors, and the same confusions can be collected from `treebanks/he/htb` into a fixed list for PP attachment in [7. Syntax](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/he/07-syntax/).

## For Mova

I1 and I2 go into `tools/hbo` (segmenter and `gparse`), tested on the unpointed and pointed modes. Their lattice needs an analyzer; for Ancient Hebrew Mova has the `macula` tables, and for Modern Hebrew a lexicon is still missing, so I1 is blocked there until one exists. I3 goes into [7. Syntax](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/he/07-syntax/) as a regression list.

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.18653/v1/2024.eacl-long.84](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.eacl-long.84)

```
@inproceedings{levi2024truly,
  title = {{A Truly Joint Neural Architecture for Segmentation and Parsing}},
  author = {Levi, Danit Yshaayahu and Tsarfaty, Reut},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)},
  year = {2024},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2024.eacl-long.84},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.eacl-long.84}
}
```

- [← previous "Talk to me with left, right, and angles": Lexical entrainment in spoken Hebrew dialogue](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/eacl-2021-weise-talk-me-left-right-angles/)
- [next → Coming to Terms: Automatic Formation of Neologisms in Hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/findings-2020-mizrahi-coming-terms-automatic-formation-neologisms/)
- [↑ back to Modern Hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/he/)

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