[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/ersan-1994-focusing-pronoun-resolution-english-discourse/)

[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [docs](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/) / [papers](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/) / [English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/en/) / Focusing for Pronoun Resolution in English Discourse: An Implementation

# Focusing for Pronoun Resolution in English Discourse: An Implementation

**Authors:** Ebru Ersan, Varol Akman · **Year:** 1994 · **Venue:** arXiv:cmp-lg/9409005 (technical report BU-CEIS-94-29, Bilkent University) **Link:** [arxiv.org/abs/cmp-lg/9409005](https://arxiv.org/abs/cmp-lg/9409005) · **Licence:** arXiv, no licence stated — summary only

[**4** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1546805270) openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14[arXiv:cmp-lg/9409005](https://openalex.org/S4306400194)

- [Publisher's page](https://arxiv.org/abs/cmp-lg/9409005)
- [PDF](https://arxiv.org/pdf/cmp-lg/9409005)
- [arXiv cmp-lg/9409005](https://arxiv.org/abs/cmp-lg/9409005)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W1546805270)

**Authors (2)**

1. [Ebru Ersan](https://openalex.org/A5010501656) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6005-7194) · h 3 · 28 citations · 5 works
2. [Varol Akman](https://openalex.org/A5084460558) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3136-5315) · h 20 · 1887 citations · 216 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex-snapshot (2026-10-14); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

The report implements the focusing algorithms that Candy Sidner described in her 1979 MIT thesis but did not implement. Focusing is a discourse model: a discourse focus, an ordered list of potential foci, and a stack of old foci, updated after each sentence. The program resolves third-person pronouns by searching this structure in a fixed order, using syntactic, semantic and simple inference criteria, and is run on several discourse segments (the texts are in its appendix). The resulting program resolves 79 of 102 pronouns correctly, a 77% success rate, with columns for each rule variant (for example, a modified recency rule applied only to third-person agent pronouns). The report also reviews Hobbs' naive syntactic algorithm, which it cites as correct in 81.8% of 100 examples, and Hobbs' distance statistics, in which 90.3% of antecedents fall in the first candidate set (the current sentence, or the current and previous sentences, depending on the pronoun's position). The authors conclude that focusing is computationally realizable and that a full system needs inference and discourse cues such as stress.

## Ideas

- I1. Implement Sidner's focus stack in `coref/src/sieve.rs` as an explicit, inspectable state: after each sentence, record the focus, the potential foci and the old foci as BTreeMap-ordered lists, so each pronoun decision can print why it chose its antecedent.
- I2. Use the 77% result as a baseline check: Mova's pronoun resolution on a set of short segments of the same kind should be reported per pronoun (he, she, it, they) with the same occurrence and resolved columns.
- I3. Recency prior from the paper's distance counts: a feature in `coref/` that prefers antecedents in the current sentence, then the previous one, with a negative control in which the candidates are shuffled. A gain should disappear under the shuffle.

## For Mova

Code: `coref/src/sieve.rs` (focus state, pronoun rules), `coref/src/mention.rs` (candidate antecedents from UD heads), `prag/src/frames.rs` (subject and topic of the previous clause as a focus cue). Chapters: [12. Pronouns, determiners and numerals](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/12-pronouns-determiners-numerals/) for the pronoun forms, [35. Reference and coreference](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/35-reference-and-coreference/) for the focus model, [36. Discourse relations and coherence](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/36-discourse-relations/). Measure: per-pronoun resolved counts on the report's own discourse segments (as a reproduction, not a tuning set), run twice, with the shuffle control.

Topics: [Discourse analysis](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/topics/discourse-analysis/) · [Coreference resolution](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/topics/coreference-resolution/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [arXiv cmp-lg/9409005](https://arxiv.org/abs/cmp-lg/9409005)

```
@misc{ersan1994focusing,
  title = {{Focusing for Pronoun Resolution in English Discourse: An Implementation}},
  author = {Ersan, Ebru and Akman, Varol},
  year = {1994},
  eprint = {cmp-lg/9409005},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/cmp-lg/9409005}
}
```

- [← previous An Empirical Comparison of Parsing Methods for Stanford Dependencies](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/enud-2014-kong-empirical-comparison-parsing-methods-stanford/)
- [next → VerbAtlas: a Novel Large-Scale Verbal Semantic Resource and Its Application to Semantic Role Labeling](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/fabio-2019-verbatlas-novel-large-scale-verbal/)
- [↑ back to English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/en/)

## References

57 references, 0 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

1. J. L. Austin. How to Do Things With Words . Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1976. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=J%2E+L%2E+Austin%2E+How+to+Do+Things+With+Words+%2E+Oxford+University+Press%2C+Oxford%2C+UK%2C+1976%2E)
2. D. Bobrow, R. M. Kaplan, M. Kay, D. A. Norman, H. Thompson, and T. Winograd. Gus, a frame driven dialog system. Arti cial Intelligence , 8:155{173, 1977. [↗](https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(77)90018-2)
3. S. E. Brennan, M. W. F. (Walker), and C. J. Pollard. A centering approach to pronouns. In Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the ACL , pages 155{162, 1987. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=S%2E+E%2E+Brennan%2C+M%2E+W%2E+F%2E+%28Walker%29%2C+and+C%2E+J%2E+Pollard%2E+A+centering+approach+to+pronouns%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+25th+Annual+Meeting+of+the+ACL+%2C+pages+155%7B162%2C+1987%2E)
4. E. Charniak. Toward a model of children's story comprehension. Technical Report 266, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, AI Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, 1972. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=E%2E+Charniak%2E+Toward+a+model+of+children%27s+story+comprehension%2E+Technical+Report+266%2C+Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology%2C+AI+Laboratory%2C+Cambridge%2C+MA%2C+1972%2E)
5. S.-W. Chung. Cataphora in Discourse Representation Theory . PhD thesis, University of Washington, 1992. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=S%2E%2DW%2E+Chung%2E+Cataphora+in+Discourse+Representation+Theory+%2E+PhD+thesis%2C+University+of+Washington%2C+1992%2E)
6. M. Coulthard. The signi cance of intonation in discourse. In M. Coulthard, editor, Advances in Spoken Discourse Analysis , pages 35{49. Routledge, London, UK, 1992. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=M%2E+Coulthard%2E+The+signi+cance+of+intonation+in+discourse%2E+In+M%2E+Coulthard%2C+editor%2C+Advances+in+Spoken+Discourse+Analysis+%2C+pages+35%7B49%2E+Routledge%2C+London%2C+UK%2C+1992%2E)
7. A. Cruttenden. Intonation . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1986. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=A%2E+Cruttenden%2E+Intonation+%2E+Cambridge+University+Press%2C+Cambridge%2C+UK%2C+1986%2E)
8. R. E. Cullingford. Sam. In R. C. Schank and C. K. Riesbeck, editors, Inside Computer Understanding: Five Programs Plus Miniatures , pages 131{139. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1981. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=R%2E+E%2E+Cullingford%2E+Sam%2E+In+R%2E+C%2E+Schank+and+C%2E+K%2E+Riesbeck%2C+editors%2C+Inside+Computer+Understanding%3A+Five+Programs+Plus+Miniatures+%2C+pages+131%7B139%2E+Lawrence+Erlbaum%2C+Hillsdale%2C+NJ%2C+1981%2E)
9. N. Dahlback. Representations of Discourse|Cognitive and Computational Aspects . PhD thesis, Department of Computer and Information Science, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden, 1991. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=N%2E+Dahlb%7Fack%2E+Representations+of+Discourse%7CCognitive+and+Computational+Aspects+%2E+PhD+thesis%2C+Department+of+Computer+and+Information+Science%2C+Link%7Foping+University%2C+Link%7Foping%2C+Sweden%2C+1991%2E)
10. R. Davis. Meta rules: reasoning about control. Arti cial Intelligence , 15(3):179{222, 1980. [↗](https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(80)90043-0)
11. M. Dede. De niteness and referentiality: verbal sentences. In D. I. Slobin and K. Zimmer, editors, Studies in Turkish Linguistics , pages 147{163. John Benjamins, Amsterdam, Holland, 1986. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=M%2E+Dede%2E+De+niteness+and+referentiality%3A+verbal+sentences%2E+In+D%2E+I%2E+Slobin+and+K%2E+Zimmer%2C+editors%2C+Studies+in+Turkish+Linguistics+%2C+pages+147%7B163%2E+John+Benjamins%2C+Amsterdam%2C+Holland%2C+1986%2E)
12. O. Ducrot and T. Todorov. Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Sciences of Language . The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 1979. (Translated by Cathrine Porter). [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=O%2E+Ducrot+and+T%2E+Todorov%2E+Encyclopedic+Dictionary+of+the+Sciences+of+Language+%2E+The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press%2C+Baltimore%2C+MD%2C+1979%2E+%28Translated+by+Cathrine+Porter%29%2E)
13. M. Enc. Topic switching and pronominal subjects in Turkish. In D. I. Slobin and K. Zimmer, editors, Studies in Turkish Linguistics , pages 195{208. John Benjamins, Amsterdam, Holland, 1986. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=M%2E+En%18c%2E+Topic+switching+and+pronominal+subjects+in+Turkish%2E+In+D%2E+I%2E+Slobin+and+K%2E+Zimmer%2C+editors%2C+Studies+in+Turkish+Linguistics+%2C+pages+195%7B208%2E+John+Benjamins%2C+Amsterdam%2C+Holland%2C+1986%2E)
14. E. Erguvanl-Taylan. Pronominal versus zero representation of anaphora in Turkish. In D. I. Slobin and K. Zimmer, editors, Studies in Turkish Linguistics , pages 209{231. John Benjamins, Amsterdam, Holland, 1986. [↗](https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.8.12tay)
15. F. Erku. Discourse pragmatics and syntactic description in Turkish. In A. A. Koc and E. Erguvanl-Taylan, editors, In Proceedings of the Second Turkish Linguistics Conference , pages 179{194. Bogazici University Press, I _ stanbul, Turkey, 1984. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=F%2E+Erk%7Fu%2E+Discourse+pragmatics+and+syntactic+description+in+Turkish%2E+In+A%2E+A%2E+Ko%18c+and+E%2E+Erguvanl%10%2DTaylan%2C+editors%2C+In+Proceedings+of+the+Second+Turkish+Linguistics+Conference+%2C+pages+179%7B194%2E+Bo%15gaz)
16. H. P. Grice. Utterer's meaning and intentions. Philosophical Review , 68(2):147{177, 1969. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=H%2E+P%2E+Grice%2E+Utterer%27s+meaning+and+intentions%2E+Philosophical+Review+%2C+68%282%29%3A147%7B177%2C+1969%2E)
17. B. J. Grosz. The representation and use of focus in a system for understanding dialogs. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Arti cial Intelligence , Cambridge, MA, 1977. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=B%2E+J%2E+Grosz%2E+The+representation+and+use+of+focus+in+a+system+for+understanding+dialogs%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+Fifth+International+Joint+Conference+on+Arti+cial+Intelligence+%2C+Cambridge%2C+MA%2C+1977%2E)
18. B. J. Grosz, A. K. Joshi, and S. Weinstein. Providing a uni ed account of de nite noun phrases in discourse. In Proceedings of the 21st Annual Meeting of the ACL , pages 44{50, Cambridge, MA, 1983. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=B%2E+J%2E+Grosz%2C+A%2E+K%2E+Joshi%2C+and+S%2E+Weinstein%2E+Providing+a+uni+ed+account+of+de+nite+noun+phrases+in+discourse%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+21st+Annual+Meeting+of+the+ACL+%2C+pages+44%7B50%2C+Cambridge%2C+MA%2C+1983%2E)
19. B. J. Grosz and C. L. Sidner. Attentions, intentions, and the structure of discourse. Computational Linguistics , 12(3):175{204, 1986. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=B%2E+J%2E+Grosz+and+C%2E+L%2E+Sidner%2E+Attentions%2C+intentions%2C+and+the+structure+of+discourse%2E+Computational+Linguistics+%2C+12%283%29%3A175%7B204%2C+1986%2E)
20. J. Gruber. Lexical Structure in Syntax and Semantics . North Holland Publishers, New York, NY, 1976. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=J%2E+Gruber%2E+Lexical+Structure+in+Syntax+and+Semantics+%2E+North+Holland+Publishers%2C+New+York%2C+NY%2C+1976%2E)
21. M. A. K. Halliday. An Introduction to Functional Grammar . Edward Arnold, London, UK, 1985. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=M%2E+A%2E+K%2E+Halliday%2E+An+Introduction+to+Functional+Grammar+%2E+Edward+Arnold%2C+London%2C+UK%2C+1985%2E)
22. G. Hirst. Anaphora in Natural Language Understanding: A Survey . Lecture Notes in Computer Science 119. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1981. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=G%2E+Hirst%2E+Anaphora+in+Natural+Language+Understanding%3A+A+Survey+%2E+Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science+119%2E+Springer+Verlag%2C+Berlin%2C+Germany%2C+1981%2E)
23. J. R. Hobbs. Pronoun resolution. Research Report 76{1, Department of Computer Sciences, City College, City University of New York, NY, 1976. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=J%2E+R%2E+Hobbs%2E+Pronoun+resolution%2E+Research+Report+76%7B1%2C+Department+of+Computer+Sciences%2C+City+College%2C+City+University+of+New+York%2C+NY%2C+1976%2E)
24. J. R. Hobbs. 38 examples of elusive antecedents from published texts. Research Report 77{2, Department of Computer Sciences, City College, City University of New York, NY, 1977. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=J%2E+R%2E+Hobbs%2E+38+examples+of+elusive+antecedents+from+published+texts%2E+Research+Report+77%7B2%2C+Department+of+Computer+Sciences%2C+City+College%2C+City+University+of+New+York%2C+NY%2C+1977%2E)
25. J. R. Hobbs. Coherence and co-reference. Cognitive Science , 1:67{82, 1979. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=J%2E+R%2E+Hobbs%2E+Coherence+and+co%2Dreference%2E+Cognitive+Science+%2C+1%3A67%7B82%2C+1979%2E)
26. R. S. Jackendo . Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar . MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1972. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=R%2E+S%2E+Jackendo+%2E+Semantic+Interpretation+in+Generative+Grammar+%2E+MIT+Press%2C+Cambridge%2C+MA%2C+1972%2E)
27. L. Karttunen. What makes de nite noun phrases de nite? Technical report, Rand Corp., 1968. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=L%2E+Karttunen%2E+What+makes+de+nite+noun+phrases+de+nite%3F+Technical+report%2C+Rand+Corp%2E%2C+1968%2E)
28. F. Katada. The Representation of Anaphoric Relations in Logical Form . PhD thesis, Department of Linguistics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 1990. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=F%2E+Katada%2E+The+Representation+of+Anaphoric+Relations+in+Logical+Form+%2E+PhD+thesis%2C+Department+of+Linguistics%2C+University+of+Southern+California%2C+Los+Angeles%2C+CA%2C+1990%2E)
29. KEE TM (Knowledge Engineering Environment) Software Development System, version 4.01. IntelliCorp Inc., Mountain View, CA, 1993. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=KEE+TM+%28Knowledge+Engineering+Environment%29+Software+Development+System%2C+version+4%2E01%2E+IntelliCorp+Inc%2E%2C+Mountain+View%2C+CA%2C+1993%2E)
30. C. Kerslake. Noun phrase deletion and pronominalization in Turkish. In H. E. Boeschoten and L. T. Verhoeven, editors, Studies on Modern Turkish , pages 91{104. Tilburg University Press, Tilburg, Holland, 1987. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=C%2E+Kerslake%2E+Noun+phrase+deletion+and+pronominalization+in+Turkish%2E+In+H%2E+E%2E+Boeschoten+and+L%2E+T%2E+Verhoeven%2C+editors%2C+Studies+on+Modern+Turkish+%2C+pages+91%7B104%2E+Tilburg+University+Press%2C+Tilburg%2C+Holla)
31. P. Kurtboke. Pronouns as referring expressions in Turkish. M.A. thesis, Bogazici University, I _ stanbul, Turkey, 1983. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=P%2E+Kurtb%7Foke%2E+Pronouns+as+referring+expressions+in+Turkish%2E+M%2EA%2E+thesis%2C+Bo%15gazi%18ci+University%2C+I+%5F+stanbul%2C+Turkey%2C+1983%2E)
32. H. Lasnik. Remarks on co-reference. In H. Lasnik, Essays on Anaphora , pages 90{109. Kluwer Academic Publishing, Dordrecht, Holland, 1989. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=H%2E+Lasnik%2E+Remarks+on+co%2Dreference%2E+In+H%2E+Lasnik%2C+Essays+on+Anaphora+%2C+pages+90%7B109%2E+Kluwer+Academic+Publishing%2C+Dordrecht%2C+Holland%2C+1989%2E)
33. D. B. Lenat, R. V. Guha, K. Pittman, D. Pratt, and M. Shepherd. Cyc: Toward programs with common sense. Communications of the ACM , 33(8):30{49, 1990. [↗](https://doi.org/10.1145/79173.79176)
34. Lucid Common Lisp/SPARC, Version 4.0.0. Lucid Inc., 1990. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Lucid+Common+Lisp%2FSPARC%2C+Version+4%2E0%2E0%2E+Lucid+Inc%2E%2C+1990%2E)
35. S. Luperfoy. Discourse Pegs: A Computational Analysis of Context-Dependent Referring Expressions . PhD thesis, Department of Linguistics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 1991. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=S%2E+Luperfoy%2E+Discourse+Pegs%3A+A+Computational+Analysis+of+Context%2DDependent+Referring+Expressions+%2E+PhD+thesis%2C+Department+of+Linguistics%2C+The+University+of+Texas+at+Austin%2C+Austin%2C+TX%2C+1991%2E)
36. K. Malmkjr, editor. The Linguistics Encyclopedia . Routledge, London, UK, 1991. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=K%2E+Malmkj%1Ar%2C+editor%2E+The+Linguistics+Encyclopedia+%2E+Routledge%2C+London%2C+UK%2C+1991%2E)
37. M. Minsky. The Society of Mind . Simon and Schuster, New York, NY, 1985. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=M%2E+Minsky%2E+The+Society+of+Mind+%2E+Simon+and+Schuster%2C+New+York%2C+NY%2C+1985%2E)
38. National Geographic , 185(5), May 1994. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=National+Geographic+%2C+185%285%29%2C+May+1994%2E)
39. National Geographic , 185(6), June 1994. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=National+Geographic+%2C+185%286%29%2C+June+1994%2E)
40. B. H. Partee. Opacity, coreference, and pronouns. In D. Davidson and G. Harman, editors, Semantics of Natural Language , pages 415{441. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland, 1972. [↗](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-2557-7_13)
41. R. Quirk and S. Greenbaum. A Concise Grammar of Contempory English . Harcourt, Brace, and Jovanovich Inc., New York, NY, 1973. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=R%2E+Quirk+and+S%2E+Greenbaum%2E+A+Concise+Grammar+of+Contempory+English+%2E+Harcourt%2C+Brace%2C+and+Jovanovich+Inc%2E%2C+New+York%2C+NY%2C+1973%2E)
42. T. Reinhart. The Syntactic Domain of Anaphora . PhD thesis, Department of Foreign Literature and Linguistics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 1976. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=T%2E+Reinhart%2E+The+Syntactic+Domain+of+Anaphora+%2E+PhD+thesis%2C+Department+of+Foreign+Literature+and+Linguistics%2C+Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology%2C+Cambridge%2C+MA%2C+1976%2E)
43. R. C. Schank, G. C. Collins, E. Davies, P. N. Johnson, S. Lytinen, and B. J. Reiser. What's the point? Cognitive Science , 6:255{275, 1982. [↗](https://doi.org/10.1016/s0364-0213(82)80002-5)
44. J. R. Searle. Indirect speech acts. In P. Cole and J. L. Morgan, editors, Speech Acts , volume 3 of Syntax and Semantics . Academic Press, New York, NY, 1975. [↗](https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004368811_004)
45. C. L. Sidner. Private Communication, May-June 1994. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=C%2E+L%2E+Sidner%2E+Private+Communication%2C+May%2DJune+1994%2E)
46. C. L. Sidner. Towards a Computational Theory of De nite Anaphora Comprehension in English Discourse . PhD thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 1979. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=C%2E+L%2E+Sidner%2E+Towards+a+Computational+Theory+of+De+nite+Anaphora+Comprehension+in+English+Discourse+%2E+PhD+thesis%2C+Department+of+Electrical+Engineering+and+Computer+Science%2C+Massachusetts+Institute+of+)
47. E. Tn and V. Akman. Anaphora in Turkish: a computational framework. In Sixth International Conference on Turkish Linguistics , Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, 1992. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=E%2E+T%10n+and+V%2E+Akman%2E+Anaphora+in+Turkish%3A+a+computational+framework%2E+In+Sixth+International+Conference+on+Turkish+Linguistics+%2C+Anadolu+University%2C+Eski%18sehir%2C+Turkey%2C+1992%2E)
48. E. Tn and V. Akman. The situation in Turkish. In Sixth International Conference on Turkish Linguistics , Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, 1992. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=E%2E+T%10n+and+V%2E+Akman%2E+The+situation+in+Turkish%2E+In+Sixth+International+Conference+on+Turkish+Linguistics+%2C+Anadolu+University%2C+Eski%18sehir%2C+Turkey%2C+1992%2E)
49. E. Tn and V. Akman. Towards a formal semantics of Turkish. In K. O azer, V. Akman, H. A. Guvenir, and U. Halc, editors, Proceedings of the First Turkish Symposium on Arti cial Intelligence and Arti cial Neural Networks , pages 93{101, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey, 1992. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=E%2E+T%10n+and+V%2E+Akman%2E+Towards+a+formal+semantics+of+Turkish%2E+In+K%2E+O+azer%2C+V%2E+Akman%2C+H%2E+A%2E+G%7Fuvenir%2C+and+U%2E+Hal%10c%10%2C+editors%2C+Proceedings+of+the+First+Turkish+Symposium+on+Arti+cial+Intelligence+and+Art)
50. E. Tn and V. Akman. Situated analysis of anaphora in Turkish. In Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Turkish Linguistics , Mainz, Germany, 1994. To appear. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=E%2E+T%10n+and+V%2E+Akman%2E+Situated+analysis+of+anaphora+in+Turkish%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+Seventh+International+Conference+on+Turkish+Linguistics+%2C+Mainz%2C+Germany%2C+1994%2E+To+appear%2E)
51. E. Tn and V. Akman. Situated processing of pronominal anaphora. In Proceedings of the 2nd Conference for Natural Language Processing (KONVENS 94) , University of Vienna, Austria, 1994. To appear. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=E%2E+T%10n+and+V%2E+Akman%2E+Situated+processing+of+pronominal+anaphora%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+2nd+Conference+for+Natural+Language+Processing+%28KONVENS+94%29+%2C+University+of+Vienna%2C+Austria%2C+1994%2E+To+appear%2E)
52. S. S. Tura. De niteness and referentiality: nonverbal sentences. In D. I. Slobin and K. Zimmer, editors, Studies in Turkish Linguistics , pages 165{194. John Benjamins, Amsterdam, Holland, 1986. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=S%2E+S%2E+Tura%2E+De+niteness+and+referentiality%3A+nonverbal+sentences%2E+In+D%2E+I%2E+Slobin+and+K%2E+Zimmer%2C+editors%2C+Studies+in+Turkish+Linguistics+%2C+pages+165%7B194%2E+John+Benjamins%2C+Amsterdam%2C+Holland%2C+1986%2E)
53. K. van Deemter. Towards a generalization of anaphora. Journal of Semantics , 9(1):27{ 51, 1992. [↗](https://doi.org/10.1093/jos/9.1.27)
54. M. Walker. Evaluating discourse processing algorithms. In Proceedings of the 27th Annual Meeting of the ACL , pages 251{261, Vancouver, Canada, 1989. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=M%2E+Walker%2E+Evaluating+discourse+processing+algorithms%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+27th+Annual+Meeting+of+the+ACL+%2C+pages+251%7B261%2C+Vancouver%2C+Canada%2C+1989%2E)
55. M. Walker, M. Iida, and S. Cote. Centering in Japanese discourse. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Linguistics , pages 1{7, Helsinki, Finland, 1990. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=M%2E+Walker%2C+M%2E+Iida%2C+and+S%2E+Cote%2E+Centering+in+Japanese+discourse%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+13th+International+Conference+on+Computational+Linguistics+%2C+pages+1%7B7%2C+Helsinki%2C+Finland%2C+1990%2E)
56. B. L. Webber. A Formal Approach to Discourse Anaphora . PhD thesis, Division of Applied Mathematics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 1978. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=B%2E+L%2E+Webber%2E+A+Formal+Approach+to+Discourse+Anaphora+%2E+PhD+thesis%2C+Division+of+Applied+Mathematics%2C+Harvard+University%2C+Cambridge%2C+MA%2C+1978%2E)
57. T. Winograd. Understanding Natural Language . Academic Press, New York, NY, 1972. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=T%2E+Winograd%2E+Understanding+Natural+Language+%2E+Academic+Press%2C+New+York%2C+NY%2C+1972%2E)