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# SEM-I Rational MT: Enriching Deep Grammars with a Semantic Interface for Scalable Machine Translation

**Authors:** [Dan Flickinger](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/dan-flickinger/), [Jan Tore Lønning](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/jan-tore-lonning/), [Helge Dyvik](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/helge-dyvik/), [Stephan Oepen](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/stephan-oepen/), [Francis Bond](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/francis-bond/) · **Year:** 2005 · **Venue:** Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit X: Papers **Link:** [aclanthology.org/2005.mtsummit-papers.22](https://aclanthology.org/2005.mtsummit-papers.22/) · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/) — summary only

[**31** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2283578529) openalex · 2026-10-19[**8** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/flickinger-2005-sem-i-rational-mt-enriching/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit X: Papers](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/2005.mtsummit-papers/)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2005.mtsummit-papers.22/)
- [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2005.mtsummit-papers.22.pdf)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2283578529)

**Authors (5)**

1. [Dan Flickinger](https://openalex.org/A5089106912) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7959-999X) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/3209288) · h 32 · 5154 citations · 155 works
2. [Jan Tore Lønning](https://openalex.org/A5030107252) [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/1403877043) · h 11 · 686 citations · 25 works
3. [Helge Dyvik](https://openalex.org/A5024530852) [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/2957905) · h 10 · 668 citations · 41 works
4. [Stephan Oepen](https://openalex.org/A5058412010) [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/2949607) · h 36 · 3610 citations · 234 works
5. [Francis Bond](https://openalex.org/A5044280576) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4973-8068) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/145440721) · h 27 · 3478 citations · 206 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex (2026-10-19); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

The paper describes the LOGON system, which translates Norwegian to English using minimal recursion semantics in a transfer module, with two existing broad-coverage deep grammars. Each grammar publishes a semantic interface, called SEM-I, which lists its elementary predications and captures classes of lexical regularity. The interface lets the transfer work without knowing grammar internals, keeps ambiguity underspecified rather than expanding every reading, and uses type hierarchies so that rules can be general. The authors argue that such an interface is what makes a deep-grammar translation engine scale, because it gives a complete and reliable list of what each grammar can produce. The paper is a system description and gives no translation score in this text.

## Ideas

- I1. Publish an interface table for each reader: the list of meta concepts it can produce, with their tags and relations. The encoder can then check coverage before it runs, and the gaps for each reader (for example the Hebrew words with no concept) can be counted per verse.
- I2. A type hierarchy for concepts: when a child concept has no chunk in the encoder, fall back to its parent (for example a second-person pronoun form to the general pronoun). This generalises the back-off chain in `profile.rs` from contexts to concepts, and the fallback counts can be logged.
- I3. Coverage as a deterministic gate with a negative control: remove one concept from the interface, run the gate, and check that it goes red. Run it twice to show the report is identical.

## For Mova

The code is `tools/translate` (`meta.rs` and `hebrew.rs` for the concept sets, `profile.rs` for the chunks). The interface idea answers open problem 7 on the Hebrew reader's coverage, and the hierarchy idea answers the encoder's unseen-concept case, where Mova now falls back to a bare form from `morph`.

Topics: [Machine translation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/topics/machine-translation/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```
@inproceedings{flickinger2005sem,
  title = {{SEM-I Rational MT: Enriching Deep Grammars with a Semantic Interface for Scalable Machine Translation}},
  author = {Flickinger, Dan and Lønning, Jan Tore and Dyvik, Helge and Oepen, Stephan and Bond, Francis},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit X: Papers},
  year = {2005},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/2005.mtsummit-papers.22/}
}
```

- [← previous Generation from Abstract Meaning Representation using Tree Transducers](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/flanigan-2016-generation-abstract-meaning-representation-tree/)
- [next → The Apertium machine translation platform: Five years on](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/forcada-2009-apertium-machine-translation-platform-five/)
- [↑ back to Machine translation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/mtrans/)

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