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# Verb-third phenomena in Germanic verb-second languages: Historical and variational perspectives

**Authors:** Sarah Harchaoui, Pierre-Yves Modicom (eds.) · **Year:** 2025 · **Venue:** Language Science Press (Open Germanic Linguistics 15), edited volume, 358 pages **Link:** [doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16309627](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16309627) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) (Language Science Press)

[**1** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/harchaoui-2025-verb-third-phenomena-germanic/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we readedited-volume[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16309627)
- [PDF](https://zenodo.org/api/records/16309627/files/486-HarchaouiModicom-2025.pdf/content)

**Authors (2)**

1. Sarah Harchaoui
2. Pierre-Yves Modicom

Citations and author metrics from OpenAlex (); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

The volume collects studies of verb-third (V3): a finite verb that appears in third position in a clause where the verb-second rule would put it in second. The editors' introduction notes that every present-day Germanic language except English and its varieties has a V2 rule, and that the rule's exact form varies, so V3 is a window into the structure of the left periphery. The book has three parts: theory (generative accounts of the "bottleneck" in German and its varieties), historical perspectives on adverbial pronouns such as Old English *þa*, Old Saxon and Old High German *thô*, Swedish *då* and *så*, and areal variation (Rhaeto-Romance, German enclaves in northern Italy). The chapter on verse (Louviot and Robin) counts V3 in the Old English, Old Saxon and Old High German poems used in the study: 559, 699 and 700 instances of *þa/thô*, of which 330 Old English tokens are in initial position. Against Walkden's claim that V3 does not occur after initial *þa*, the chapter finds that it does occur in Old English verse, though it is a minority pattern. It tests the clitic-subject hypothesis against the information-structure hypothesis (Bech 2001).

## Ideas

- I1. [8. Word order and phrase structure](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en-x-emode/08-word-order/): classify clauses that open with an adverb, followed by a verb and a subject, into V2, V3 and V-late, using the same three categories as the chapter. Count them per Early Modern text with `en/src/lin.rs` order tables, and report the counts with the category rule written down.
- I2. Adopt the chapter's counting conventions in code: a negative particle is a clitic (not a position), and a clause opened by a coordinator has a null first position. Write these as rules in `en/src/tok.rs` or the parse step, and check that repeated runs give identical counts.
- I3. Test the two hypotheses (clitic subject versus given subject) as two decision features over the frames in `prag`, and compare which one predicts the subject-verb order better on held-out EModE sentences.

## For Mova

The chapters are [8. Word order and phrase structure](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en-x-emode/08-word-order/) (inversion and clause order), [5. Auxiliaries and modals](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en-x-emode/05-auxiliaries/) (where auxiliaries stand) and [29. Ellipsis, word order and information structure](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/29-ellipsis-word-order-information-structure/) (information structure and order). The code is `en/src/lin.rs`, `en/src/tok.rs` and `prag/src/frames.rs`. The measure: the V2/V3/V-late split of adverb-initial clauses in an EModE sample, run twice, with a modern EWT sample as the control.

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```
@book{harchaoui2025verb,
  title = {{Verb-third phenomena in Germanic verb-second languages: Historical and variational perspectives}},
  author = {Harchaoui, Sarah and Modicom, Pierre-Yves},
  year = {2025},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16309627}
}
```

- [← previous A Quantitative Model of Word Order and Movement in English, Dutch and German Complement Constructions](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/harbusch-2002-quantitative-model-word-order-movement/)
- [next → A Neural Model for Part-of-Speech Tagging in Historical Texts](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hardmeier-2016-neural-model-part-speech-tagging/)
- [↑ back to English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/en/)

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