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# Making It Sound: The Performative Qatal and Its Explanation

**Authors:** [Alexander Andrason](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/alexander-andrason/) · **Year:** 2012 · **Venue:** Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 12, article 8 **Link:** [jhsonline.org/index.php/jhs/article/view/18390](https://jhsonline.org/index.php/jhs/article/view/18390) · **Licence:** [CC BY 2.5](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/)

[**8** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1518433347) openalex · 2026-10-18[**1** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/hbo-2012-andrason-making-sound-performative-qatal-explanation/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 12](https://openalex.org/S2764683527)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/)

- [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.5508/jhs.2012.v12.a8)
- [PDF](https://jhsonline.org/index.php/jhs/article/download/18390/14375)
- [DOI 10.5508/jhs.2012.v12.a8](https://doi.org/10.5508/jhs.2012.v12.a8)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W1518433347)

**Authors (1)**

1. [Alexander Andrason](https://openalex.org/A5025732228) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8507-9824) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/3467700) · h 14 · 764 citations · 185 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex (2026-10-18); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

Qatal is sometimes used not to report an act but to perform it at the moment of speaking: "I give you the field" (Gen 23:11), "I swear by myself", "I call heaven and earth to witness against you today" (Deut 4:26; 30:19), "I declare to you today" (Deut 26:3; 30:18). Grammars have treated this as an odd exception to qatal's perfective or past meaning. The paper sorts the biblical cases by Austin's five classes of performatives (expositive, exercitive, commissive, behabitive, verdictive) and finds at least nineteen verbs, so the use is not rare. It then places the performative sense on the typological resultative-to-past path, just after the resultative stage: young and old perfects keep it only for a few typical performative verbs, past tenses lose it. That fits qatal as an old perfect, and explains why wayyiqtol (further along the path) never has it.

## Ideas

- I1. A `prag` rule: first-person qatal of a performative verb (נתן give, שׁבע swear, העיד call to witness, הגיד declare, אמר say "I say", נשׂא יד raise the hand), in direct speech, often with הַיּוֹם or הִנֵּה → act = performative (a declaration that changes the world), tense present, not a past report.
- I2. Measure the rule against JPS 1917: the English renders these with a present ("I give", "I swear"); count Torah first-person qatal forms rendered in the present and see how many the verb list covers.
- I3. In the world reader, a performative qatal creates the state (the field belongs to Abraham, the oath is in force) at speech time, rather than an earlier event.
- I4. List the performative verbs, with Austin's class, as a flag in the Torah dictionary.

## For Mova

I1 is a candidate rule for `tools/macula/src/prag.rs` (act column; the existing `promise` rule covers part of the commissive class), measured with `--with`/`--without`. I2 is a count for [The verb](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/hbo/06-verb/) (qatal) and `09-discourse.md` (speech acts). I4 goes into the Torah dictionary (`10-lexicon.md`).

Topics: [Speech act theory](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/topics/speech-act-theory/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.5508/jhs.2012.v12.a8](https://doi.org/10.5508/jhs.2012.v12.a8)

```
@article{andrason2012making,
  title = {{Making It Sound: The Performative Qatal and Its Explanation}},
  author = {Andrason, Alexander},
  journal = {Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 12},
  year = {2012},
  doi = {10.5508/jhs.2012.v12.a8},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5508/jhs.2012.v12.a8}
}
```

- [← previous The Typological Classification of the Hebrew of Genesis: Subject-Verb or Verb-Subject?](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2011-holmstedt-typological-classification-hebrew-genesis-subject/)
- [next → Some General Remarks on Interactions between Aspect, Modality, and Evidentiality in Biblical Hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2012-gzella-some-general-remarks-interactions-between/)
- [↑ back to Ancient Hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo/)

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