[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2015-lenzi-sequences-verbal-forms-taxis-biblical/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [docs](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/) / [papers](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/) / [Ancient Hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo/) / Sequences of Verbal Forms and Taxis in Biblical Hebrew # Sequences of Verbal Forms and Taxis in Biblical Hebrew **Authors:** Giovanni Lenzi · **Year:** 2015 · **Venue:** Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 15, article 7 **Link:** [jhsonline.org/index.php/jhs/article/view/29348](https://jhsonline.org/index.php/jhs/article/view/29348) · **Licence:** copyrighted — summary only (JHS open access; no licence statement on this article page) [**0** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2525400250) openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14[Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 15](https://openalex.org/S2764683527) - [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.5508/jhs.2015.v15.a8) - [PDF](https://jhsonline.org/index.php/jhs/article/download/29348/21368) - [DOI 10.5508/jhs.2015.v15.a8](https://doi.org/10.5508/jhs.2015.v15.a8) - [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2525400250) **Authors (1)** 1. [Giovanni Lenzi](https://openalex.org/A5019302473) [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/36778204) · h 1 · 3 citations · 9 works Citations and author metrics from openalex-snapshot (2026-10-14); authors with the same name are not always told apart. ## What it is about After reviewing seven approaches to the Hebrew verb (conversive waw, aspect, historical-comparative, text-linguistic and others), Lenzi proposes to read verb forms as sequences, not one by one. There are two kinds of sequence. A past/anterior sequence starts with a suffix form (qatal) or with "x + wayyiqtol" (x being a time phrase, a subordinate clause or the preceding text) and may continue with qatal or (way)yiqtol; a non-past sequence starts with a prefix form (yiqtol) or "x + weqatal". The first verb (or x) fixes the time value for the whole sequence: past perfect, past, present perfect, future perfect for the first kind; present, future, future-in-the-past for the second. Inside a sequence, the forms differ by taxis (Maslov's relation between events): in a past sequence qatal adds a coordinate, independent event and the prefix form (wayyiqtol) a dependent, following one; in a non-past sequence the roles are swapped (yiqtol coordinate, weqatal dependent and following). He claims the same syntax holds in narrative, speech and poetry, and that wayyiqtol ≠ qatal and weqatal ≠ yiqtol. Hypotheticals, infinitives, purpose clauses, participles and deontic yiqtol are left for later. ## Ideas - I1. Time propagation along a chain: find the head of each verb sequence (first finite verb, or the "x" element before a waw-form) and copy its time value to all following verbs of the chain until a new head; output a Tense feature per verb with the id of the head that set it. Measure against JPS English tense. - I2. Taxis from the form-in-sequence: wayyiqtol in a past chain and weqatal in a non-past chain → "follows the previous event"; a non-waw qatal in a past chain or yiqtol in a non-past chain → "independent/simultaneous" (background). This gives the world's timeline an explicit before/after/same-time edge for each verb. - I3. Test the claim that the same rules hold in speech and narration by running I1–I2 separately on `prag`'s narrator and character parts. ## For Mova I1 and I2 are candidate rules for the timeline in the world reader and for a tense/taxis MISC feature in `tools/macula`; they are also the most direct operational form of the verb theory for [The verb](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/hbo/06-verb/) (the aspect–tense debate) and `09-discourse.md` (mainline). I3 uses the voice column of `tools/macula/src/prag.rs`. Each rule comes with its reason (the head verb), as Mova's design requires. ## Cite The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.5508/jhs.2015.v15.a8](https://doi.org/10.5508/jhs.2015.v15.a8) ``` @article{lenzi2015sequences, title = {{Sequences of Verbal Forms and Taxis in Biblical Hebrew}}, author = {Lenzi, Giovanni}, journal = {Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 15}, year = {2015}, doi = {10.5508/jhs.2015.v15.a8}, url = {https://doi.org/10.5508/jhs.2015.v15.a8} } ``` - [← previous Suspense and Authority amid Biblical Hebrew Front Dislocation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2015-korchin-suspense-authority-amid-biblical-hebrew/) - [next → The Hebrew Bible as Data: Laboratory – Sharing – Experiences](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2015-roorda-hebrew-bible-data-laboratory-sharing/) - [↑ back to Ancient Hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo/) ## References 52 references, 4 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet. 1. Andersen, D. 2000. 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