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# The Complexity of Verbal Semantics — An Intricate Relationship Between Qatal and Wayyiqtol

**Authors:** [Alexander Andrason](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/alexander-andrason/) · **Year:** 2016 · **Venue:** Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 16, article 4 **Link:** [doi.org/10.5508/jhs.2016.v16.a4](https://doi.org/10.5508/jhs.2016.v16.a4) · **Licence:** JHS open access, no licence on the article page — treated as copyrighted, summary only

[**6** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2525260931) openalex · 2026-10-18[**2** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/hbo-2016-andrason-complexity-verbal-semanticsan-intricate-relationship/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 16](https://openalex.org/S2764683527)

- [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.5508/jhs.2016.v16.a4)
- [PDF](https://jhsonline.org/index.php/jhs/article/download/29354/21373)
- [DOI 10.5508/jhs.2016.v16.a4](https://doi.org/10.5508/jhs.2016.v16.a4)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2525260931)

**Authors (1)**

1. [Alexander Andrason](https://openalex.org/A5025732228) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8507-9824) · h 14 · 764 citations · 185 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex (2026-10-18); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

The author reviews four traditional views of how qatal and wayyiqtol relate (identical, opposed, unrelated, similar but distinct) and replaces them with a frequency-weighted "kinetic map" of each form's senses. Every qatal and wayyiqtol in Genesis was classified by sense from context (not from translations), with half points for ambiguous cases. Qatal: taxis senses (present perfect, indefinite perfect, pluperfect, future perfect) make 55.5% (468 cases; pluperfect alone 18.9%), perfective past 26.7%, plus present (stative/resultative), performative and modal uses. Wayyiqtol: perfective past 89.7% (1831 cases), durative past 6%, taxis only 4%. Both are read as waves on the same resultative grammaticalisation path, wayyiqtol the older and further advanced; at the coarsest level qatal is the form of taxis/anteriority and wayyiqtol the form of the perfective past, with about a 90/10 split of each domain between them.

## Ideas

- I1. A default gloss rule from the sense profile: wayyiqtol → English simple past; qatal in narrative after a wayyiqtol chain or with X-qatal (subject or אֲשֶׁר first) → pluperfect ("had"); qatal in direct speech → present perfect. Measure agreement with JPS 1917 tense in the Torah, per text type (narrative vs speech).
- I2. Stative roots in qatal → present ("I know", "he is old"): a small list of stative lemmas (ידע, זקן, אהב, כבד …) with a rule; count how often JPS renders them as present.
- I3. Reproduce the Genesis table on our trees: share of qatal vs wayyiqtol by clause type (0-qatal, X-qatal, אֲשֶׁר-qatal, לֹא-qatal) and by voice (narrator/character from `prag`), as an objective proxy for the paper's sense counts.
- I4. Keep the 0.5/0.5 convention for ambiguous readings in any hand-checked sample of verb senses.

## For Mova

I1–I3 belong in [The verb](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/hbo/06-verb/) (qatal, wayyiqtol, the aspect–tense debate) with counts measured on our Torah trees, and in `09-discourse.md` for the narrative/speech split; the voice column of `tools/macula/src/prag.rs` supplies the split. I1 also feeds the English glosses of the Torah dictionary's examples. I2 is a lemma list in `10-lexicon.md`.

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.5508/jhs.2016.v16.a4](https://doi.org/10.5508/jhs.2016.v16.a4)

```
@article{andrason2016complexity,
  title = {{The Complexity of Verbal Semantics — An Intricate Relationship Between Qatal and Wayyiqtol}},
  author = {Andrason, Alexander},
  journal = {Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 16},
  year = {2016},
  doi = {10.5508/jhs.2016.v16.a4},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5508/jhs.2016.v16.a4}
}
```

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