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# The contribution of Qumran to historical Hebrew linguistics: Evidence from the syntax of participial negation

**Authors:** [Jacobus A. Naudé](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/jacobus-a-naude/), [Cynthia L. Miller-Naudé](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/cynthia-l-miller-naude/) · **Year:** 2016 · **Venue:** HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies 72 (4), a3150 **Link:** [doi.org/10.4102/hts.v72i4.3150](https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v72i4.3150) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

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- [DOI 10.4102/hts.v72i4.3150](https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v72i4.3150)
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**Authors (2)**

1. [Jacobus A. Naudé](https://openalex.org/A5058740558) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8680-0476) · h 13 · 654 citations · 158 works
2. Cynthia L. Miller-Naudé

Citations and author metrics from openalex (2026-10-18); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

Qumran Hebrew sits between Biblical and Mishnaic Hebrew; the authors use the negation of the participle to show it is a distinct stage. The participle is half noun, half verb, so it can be negated by אֵין (the nominal negator) or by לֹא (the verbal one), and the two differ in syntax, not just style. With אֵין: (a) אֵין + pronominal suffix as subject + participle (אֵינֶנּוּ …), sentence negation; (b) אֵין + noun subject + participle; (c) אֵין + participle with no overt subject ("there is no one who saves", וְאֵין מוֹשִׁיעַ), which negates only the empty subject (constituent negation). With לֹא: negation of a single constituent, placed right before it ("not tall and not short"), which אֵין never does; and, growing at Qumran, sentence negation of a participial (often passive) predicate with verb–subject order and, newly, no overt subject — the participle starting to behave like a finite verb (pro-drop), heading towards Mishnaic usage. They answer Geiger's claim that אֵין and לֹא are functionally the same: "לֹא נָכוֹן" (Exod 8:22) is a full predication, while "לְאֵין נָכוֹן לוֹ" (Neh 8:10) is a nominal, possessive use.

## Ideas

- I1. A negation-scope rule for our trees: לֹא/אַל immediately before a finite verb → sentence negation (attach to the verb, `prag` polarity neg); לֹא before a non-verbal constituent (pronoun, NP, PP, adjective) → constituent negation (attach to that constituent, the clause's polarity is not simply negative, often contrastive: "not you … but God", Gen 45:8).
- I2. Classify every אֵין in the Torah into the three types (suffix subject, NP subject, no subject + participle "no one who …") and gloss them differently ("he is not …", "X is not …", "there is no one who …"); check against JPS.
- I3. Count לֹא + participle vs אֵין + participle in the Torah as a baseline for the Biblical stage; the Mishnaic chapter can then show the shift.
- I4. A participle with no overt subject negated by לֹא is a late (Qumran/Mishnaic) sign; flag it if it ever turns up in the Torah trees.

## For Mova

I1 belongs in [Syntax: the clause and the sentence](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/hbo/08-syntax/) (negation) and in the head rules of `tools/macula` (where `advmod` of לֹא attaches) and the polarity column of `tools/macula/src/prag.rs` (the `neg-polarity` rule). I2 is for `05-pronouns-particles.md` (negatives) and the Torah dictionary's entry for אֵין. I3 and I4 go into `11-mishnaic.md` and `12-biblical-mishnaic-modern.md` (the participle-present).

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.4102/hts.v72i4.3150](https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v72i4.3150)

```
@article{naude2016contribution,
  title = {{The contribution of Qumran to historical Hebrew linguistics: Evidence from the syntax of participial negation}},
  author = {Naudé, Jacobus A. and Miller-Naudé, Cynthia L.},
  journal = {HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies},
  year = {2016},
  doi = {10.4102/hts.v72i4.3150},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v72i4.3150}
}
```

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