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# Gendered Speech: A Sociolinguistic Study of Conversations between Men and Women in Biblical Narrative

**Authors:** Laura M. E. Hare · **Year:** 2018 · **Venue:** PhD thesis, Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations, University of Toronto (TSpace) **Link:** [hdl.handle.net/1807/92117](http://hdl.handle.net/1807/92117) · **Licence:** copyrighted (free to read, no CC licence) — summary only

TSpace (University of Toronto)

- [Publisher's page](http://hdl.handle.net/1807/92117)
- [PDF](https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/bitstreams/ade4b404-93d1-4501-9266-bf7911b893c3/download)

**Authors (1)**

1. Laura Hare

Citations and author metrics from OpenAlex (); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

A variationist (Labovian) study of whether biblical narrative encodes gender in speech. Every mixed-gender conversation in the narrative books is coded for forms of address, self-reference, overt subjects, the first element of the clause, verb conjugations, subordinate clauses and vocabulary, and the counts are compared by gender, then by relationship (family, male authority and female subject, female authority, strangers) and against single-gender conversations. Women address men with titles ("my lord", "the king") and deferential third person ("your maidservant") 66 times; a man does so to a woman once. Women use first- and second-person forms equally (about 15.5% of words each), men twice as many second- as first-person forms. Men put questions to women twice as often (12.1% vs 5.6% of clauses), mostly real questions, while women's are mostly rhetorical or indirect. Women speaking to men use more past-oriented verbs (qatal, wayyiqtol: background and justification), men more future-oriented ones (yiqtol, imperative, jussive); status shifts these rates, and female authority figures speak in the "male" pattern.

## Ideas

- I1. Speaker and addressee gender as `prag` columns: a speech frame's subject and indirect object are known from the trees; take gender from the noun or the verb's FEATS and keep it with the quote.
- I2. Deference detection: third-person self-reference (עַבְדְּךָ, אֲמָתְךָ "your servant/maidservant") and titles (אֲדֹנִי) inside a quote → act "deferential", polite form; count in the Torah (Abraham–Ephron, Jacob–Esau, Judah–Joseph are rich cases).
- I3. Per quote, the shares of first-person, second-person and deferential third-person forms, of questions, and of past vs future verbs, as a profile of the speaker's stance (lower status: background; higher: orders). A cheap status cue for the `world` of the text.
- I4. Question type: separate real from rhetorical questions by speaker and addressee and by whether an answer follows.

## For Mova

I1–I3 are columns and rules for `tools/macula/src/prag.rs` (it already splits frame and quote and carries speech), written up in [Discourse: narrative, speech and the shape of a text](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/hbo/09-discourse/) (direct speech, politeness). I2 also gives the Torah dictionary sense notes for עֶבֶד and אָדוֹן (`10-lexicon.md`). I4 refines the off-by-default `rhetorical` rule.

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```
@inproceedings{hare2018gendered,
  title = {{Gendered Speech: A Sociolinguistic Study of Conversations between Men and Women in Biblical Narrative}},
  author = {Hare, Laura},
  booktitle = {TSpace (University of Toronto)},
  year = {2018},
  url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1807/92117}
}
```

- [← previous The Corpus as Tutor: Data-driven Persuasive Language Learning](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2017-winther-nielsen-corpus-tutor-data-driven-persuasive/)
- [next → NP References to Active Participants and Story Development in Ancient Hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2018-levinsohn-np-references-active-participants-story/)
- [↑ back to Ancient Hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo/)

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