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# The Evolution of Biblical Hebrew Linguistics in South Africa: The Last 60 Years

**Authors:** [Jacobus A. Naudé](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/jacobus-a-naude/), [Cynthia L. Miller-Naudé](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/cynthia-l-miller-naude/) · **Year:** 2018 · **Venue:** Old Testament Essays 31/1, 12–41 **Link:** [doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2018/v31n1a3](https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2018/v31n1a3) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) per OpenAlex only, not confirmed in the PDF — treated as read only, summary only

[**3** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2892174433) openalex · 2026-10-18[**1** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/hbo-2018-naude-evolution-biblical-hebrew-linguistics-south/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[Old Testament Essays](https://openalex.org/S2764401565)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2018/v31n1a3)
- [PDF](http://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/ote/v31n1/02.pdf)
- [DOI 10.17159/2312-3621/2018/v31n1a3](https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2018/v31n1a3)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2892174433)

**Authors (2)**

1. [Jacobus A. Naudé](https://openalex.org/A5058740558) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8680-0476) · h 13 · 654 citations · 158 works
2. Cynthia L. Miller-Naudé

Citations and author metrics from openalex (2026-10-18); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

A history of Biblical Hebrew study in South Africa in three eras: a philological one (teaching grammars, the writing system, word formation, vocabulary), one shaped by European and American linguistics (generative syntax, functional grammar, discourse analysis, the Biblical Hebrew Reference Grammar of 1999 and its 2017 second edition), and a current one that treats the language as a complex system (complexity theory, cognitive linguistics, typology), with ties to Bible translation and lexicography. The worked case is again the tripartite verbless clause versus the left-dislocated subject, decided by accents and the "last resort" pronoun (see the authors' 2017 SPiL paper). The exegetical example is Lam 1:18, where a conjunctive accent before the pronoun makes "righteous" the subject: "a righteous one is the LORD", not "the LORD is righteous".

## Ideas

- I1. Add Lam 1:18-type cases to the verbless-clause rule from the companion card (`hbo-2018-naude-interface-…` I1): when the pronoun follows an adjective bound to it by a conjunctive accent, the adjective is the subject and the noun after the pronoun the predicate. Check whether any Torah verse shows the pattern.
- I2. For the English gloss side: when the rule picks the less usual subject, the JPS translation may still follow the usual one; log such disagreements instead of counting them as errors of `prag`.

## For Mova

Mostly a survey; the usable content is the verbless-clause analysis, which goes into [Syntax: the clause and the sentence](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/hbo/08-syntax/) and is applied in `tools/macula` as described on the companion card. I2 is a note for the JPS agreement measure in `tools/macula/src/prag.rs`.

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.17159/2312-3621/2018/v31n1a3](https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2018/v31n1a3)

```
@inproceedings{naude2018evolution,
  title = {{The Evolution of Biblical Hebrew Linguistics in South Africa: The Last 60 Years}},
  author = {Naudé, Jacobus A. and Miller-Naudé, Cynthia L.},
  booktitle = {Old Testament Essays},
  year = {2018},
  doi = {10.17159/2312-3621/2018/v31n1a3},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2018/v31n1a3}
}
```

- [← previous Fronting and exhaustive exclusion in Biblical Hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2018-merwe-fronting-exhaustive-exclusion-biblical-hebrew/)
- [next → At the interface of syntax and prosody: Differentiating left dislocated and tripartite verbless clauses in Biblical Hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2018-naude-interface-syntax-prosody-differentiating-left/)
- [↑ back to Ancient Hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo/)

## References

94 references, 3 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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2. This example was also discussed in Jacobus A. Naudé and Cynthia L. Miller-Naudé, “At the Interface of Syntax and Prosody: Differentiating Left Dislocated and Tripartite Verbless Clauses in Biblical Hebrew,” SPL 48 (2017): 223-38. . [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=This+example+was+also+discussed+in+Jacobus+A%2E+Naud%C3%A9+and+Cynthia+L%2E+Miller%2DNaud%C3%A9%2C+%E2%80%9CAt+the+Interface+of+Syntax+and+Prosody%3A+Differentiating+Left+Dislocated+and+Tripartite+Verbless+Clauses+in+Biblical+He) [our card](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2018-naude-interface-syntax-prosody-differentiating-left/)
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