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# The Biblical Hebrew particle kî from a discourse analysis perspective

**Authors:** Antonella Benigni · **Year:** online 2022 (an older article, digitised) · **Venue:** Zeitschrift für Althebraistik **Link:** [zeitschrift-althebraistik.digitheo.de/ojs/index.php/zah/article/view/39134](https://zeitschrift-althebraistik.digitheo.de/ojs/index.php/zah/article/view/39134) · **Licence:** free to read, no CC licence — summary only

[**2** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3116606468) openalex · 2026-10-18[Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen - Open Journals - Zeitschrift für Althebraistik](https://openalex.org/S7407050631)

- [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.71774/zah.v12i2.39134)
- [PDF](https://zeitschrift-althebraistik.digitheo.de/ojs/index.php/zah/article/download/39134/39040)
- [DOI 10.71774/zah.v12i2.39134](https://doi.org/10.71774/zah.v12i2.39134)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W3116606468)

**Authors (1)**

1. [Antonella Benigni](https://openalex.org/A5021050057) h 1 · 2 citations · 1 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex (2026-10-18); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

The scan's text layer is poor, so this card rests on the readable parts. The article surveys the many functions given to כִּי — asseverative/emphatic ("indeed", in oaths, apodoses and declarations) and subordinating (object, causal, temporal, conditional, consecutive, concessive, adversative; introducing direct speech) — and notes that no unified account exists because studies lacked real contextual analysis. Working with Weinrich-style text linguistics (Schneider, Niccacci, Longacre's narrative levels) on whole literary units of different periods (Samuel, Esther, the Song of Deborah, Job, Psalms), the author proposes that כִּי is a macrosyntactic marker of a shift of textual level: the כִּי clause steps away from the main line, and the verb form usually changes with it. She sorts the clauses into explanatory כִּי clauses (in narrative mostly qatal for prior events, participles for ongoing ones) and object כִּי clauses (including oath formulas). She also reports Bandstra's position rule: a כִּי clause before its main clause carries old information (temporal, conditional, concessive), one after it carries new information (causal, consecutive, adversative).

## Ideas

- I1. Position rule for כִּי in `prag` and in the relation label: כִּי clause before the main clause → condition/time; after it → reason/result; after a verb of perception or speech → object clause (ccomp). Measure each reading against the JPS 1917 rendering ("when/if" vs. "for/because" vs. "that").
- I2. Treat a כִּי clause in narrative as background (off the mainline): it should not advance the story's time even when its verb is qatal, and the narrator's mainline resumes with the next wayyiqtol.
- I3. Asseverative כִּי in oaths (כִּי after חַי־אֲנִי or an oath formula) → "surely", not "because".

## For Mova

I1 and I3 go into [Pronouns, particles and prepositions](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/hbo/05-pronouns-particles/) (conjunctions) and `08-syntax.md` (subordination, oaths), and as candidate rules into `tools/macula/src/prag.rs`. I2 is a mainline/background point for `09-discourse.md`.

Topics: [Discourse analysis](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/topics/discourse-analysis/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.71774/zah.v12i2.39134](https://doi.org/10.71774/zah.v12i2.39134)

```
@article{benigni2022biblical,
  title = {{The Biblical Hebrew particle kî from a discourse analysis perspective}},
  author = {Benigni, Antonella},
  journal = {Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen - Open Journals - Zeitschrift für Althebraistik},
  year = {2022},
  doi = {10.71774/zah.v12i2.39134},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.71774/zah.v12i2.39134}
}
```

- [← previous Word-Embeddings Distinguish Denominal and Root-Derived Verbs in Semitic](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2022-benbaji-word-embeddings-distinguish-denominal-root/)
- [next → Infinitivketten in biblischen und qumranischen Texten (Infinitive chains in biblical and Qumran texts)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2022-bindrim-infinitivketten-biblischen-und-qumranischen-texten/)
- [↑ back to Ancient Hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo/)

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38 references, 0 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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24. URAOKA, 1E mphatic words and SEructures IN 1DL1ICHa. eDbDrew Jerusalem, 9085 TOCACEL A SInNtAaSssı del verbo ebraico ne. iblica CIassica. SBFA Jerusalem, 986 KOCAUCT., A., nalysıis of Biblical Narrative. In BERGEN 1994, 175-19% BERHUBER, K /ur Syntax des Richterbuches Der einfache Nominalsatz und die 3’ 1953, TE Un SOS. nominale Apposition. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=URAOKA%2C+1E+mphatic+words+and+SEructures+IN+1DL1ICHa%2E+eDbDrew+Jerusalem%2C+9085+TOCACEL+A+SInNtAaSss%C4%B1+del+verbo+ebraico+ne%2E+iblica+CIassica%2E+SBFA+Jerusalem%2C+986+KOCAUCT%2E%2C+A%2E%2C+nalys%C4%B1is+of+Biblical+Narrati)
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26. FEIFFER, E Glaube Im en Testament. ZA < 73 1959, 151-164 Historical [ ypology of 1DLiIca OLZIN, Rı ate 1DL1ICcCa ebrew. Toward Hebhrew Prose. Mıssoula (Montana), 976 [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=FEIFFER%2C+E+Glaube+Im+en+Testament%2E+ZA+%3C+73+1959%2C+151%2D164+Historical+%5B+ypology+of+1DLiIca+OLZIN%2C+R%C4%B1+ate+1DL1ICcCa+ebrew%2E+Toward+Hebhrew+Prose%2E+M%C4%B1ssoula+%28Montana%29%2C+976)
27. OLZIN, R., 1CHa. Structuralism. SemSup. Phıladelphia, 77 Antonella Benıign1 Job s cB F New Y ork, 965 POPE, RABIN, C » Semitic angzuages. In EJ 14, 19/4; 9-11 REDSLOB, Ch De Particulae Hebraicae Origine el Indole Lipsiae, 835 VEEL; Balıi Conditiona Sentences INn Biblical ebrew Prose. In Semitic Stiudies. In honor of Wolf Leslau, Wıesbaden, 1991, 81 S, RICHTER, W., rundlagen einer althebrdischen Grammatik 1423 St Ottılıen, 1978-80 [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=OLZIN%2C+R%2E%2C+1CHa%2E+Structuralism%2E+SemSup%2E+Ph%C4%B1ladelphia%2C+77+Antonella+Ben%C4%B1ign1+Job+s+cB+F+New+Y+ork%2C+965+POPE%2C+RABIN%2C+C+%C2%BB+Semitic+angzuages%2E+In+EJ+14%2C+19%2F4%3B+9%2D11+REDSLOB%2C+Ch+De+Particulae+Hebraicae+Origi)
28. SANDERS, G., On the explanations of constituent order universals. In 1975 38R9O-SCHLIEBEN-LANGE, DE Linguistische ragmatik. Stuttgart, Berlın-Köln-Mainz, 9775 [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=SANDERS%2C+G%2E%2C+On+the+explanations+of+constituent+order+universals%2E+In+1975+38R9O%2DSCHLIEBEN%2DLANGE%2C+DE+Linguistische+ragmatik%2E+Stuttgart%2C+Berl%C4%B1n%2DK%C3%B6ln%2DMainz%2C+9775)
29. (Italıan translatıon: Lingulistica Pragmatica, Serıie dı Lingulstica Critica Letterarı1a, Bologna, CHNEIDER, W., Grammatik des hihlischen Hebräisch München, 9’/4 SCHONEVALD, Y Jer 1,29-30 13 1963, 339-341 [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%28Ital%C4%B1an+translat%C4%B1on%3A+Lingulistica+Pragmatica%2C+Ser%C4%B1ie+d%C4%B1+Lingulstica+Critica+Letterar%C4%B11a%2C+Bologna%2C+CHNEIDER%2C+W%2E%2C+Grammatik+des+hihlischen+Hebr%C3%A4isch+M%C3%BCnchen%2C+9%E2%80%99%2F4+SCHONEVALD%2C+Y+Jer+1%2C29%2D30+13+1963%2C+339)
30. SCHOORS, A., T’he particle OTS 2 1981, 240-276 In Kohelet In Scripta SIENA VOCLS asseveraltıve SCHOORS, A., mphatic Groningen, 1986, 200215 [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=SCHOORS%2C+A%2E%2C+T%E2%80%99he+particle+OTS+2+1981%2C+240%2D276+In+Kohelet+In+Scripta+SIENA+VOCLS+asseveralt%C4%B1ve+SCHOORS%2C+A%2E%2C+mphatic+Groningen%2C+1986%2C+200215)
31. HWARTZ, Az Verb-anchoring anı verb-movement. In 197/5, 43'/7-462 OGGIN, J Introduzione all'’Antico Testamento. BCR Brescı1a, 979 SPERBER, A.,; Historical ZTaMMar of Biblical ebrew Leıiden, 966 Hebrädische Kurzgrammalik. Göttingen, 9084 (Italıan Iranslatıon: TÄHLTI, (Grammatica ebraica, Brescıa, TRACK-JEPSEN, Hebräische (Grammatik. München, 952 JTALSTRA: B Lextegrammar and Hebhrew e, Elements of eory BıOr 35i 19768, 169-1/4 TALSTRA, Ba 1CQa eDbDrew clause [ypes and clause hierarchy. In ONGELING, K E MURRE-VAN DER BERG, K VAN OMPAY, B 1991, 180-193 [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=HWARTZ%2C+Az+Verb%2Danchoring+an%C4%B1+verb%2Dmovement%2E+In+197%2F5%2C+43%27%2F7%2D462+OGGIN%2C+J+Introduzione+all%27%E2%80%99Antico+Testamento%2E+BCR+Bresc%C4%B11a%2C+979+SPERBER%2C+A%2E%2C%3B+Historical+ZTaMMar+of+Biblical+ebrew+Le%C4%B1iden%2C+966+Hebr%C3%A4di)
32. I HORION, X Studien ZUr klassischen hebrdischen yNLaxX. MSAA AS Band Berlın, 984 ITSEVAT, M., Ome 1DL1ICHa WCA: 24, 1952-1953, 107-114 [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=I+HORION%2C+X+Studien+ZUr+klassischen+hebrdischen+yNLaxX%2E+MSAA+AS+Band+Berl%C4%B1n%2C+984+ITSEVAT%2C+M%2E%2C+Ome+1DL1ICHa+WCA%3A+24%2C+1952%2D1953%2C+107%2D114)
33. VAN DER WE, CERFE The old hebrew particle suam 34 St Ottilıen, 990 VA Z DER ERWE, Car Discourse Linguistics an 1DLUCH Hebrew In BERGEN 1994, 13-49 [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=VAN+DER+WE%2C+CERFE+The+old+hebrew+particle+suam+34+St+Ottil%C4%B1en%2C+990+VA+Z+DER+ERWE%2C+Car+Discourse+Linguistics+an+1DLUCH+Hebrew+In+BERGEN+1994%2C+13%2D49)
34. VA p 4 LEEUWEN, (3 Die Aarlıke. ım OTS 18, 1973, 5-45 [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=VA+p+4+LEEUWEN%2C+%283+Die+Aarl%C4%B1ke%2E+%C4%B1m+OTS+18%2C+1973%2C+5%2D45)
35. ENNEMANN, F An Explanation of drift. In 1975, 269-305 BZAW #17. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=ENNEMANN%2C+F+An+Explanation+of+drift%2E+In+1975%2C+269%2D305+BZAW+%2317%2E)
36. VRIEZEN, Einige Notizen ZUYF Übersetzung des Bindewortes 1958, 266275 O’CONNOR M., An introduction fO 1DL11Ca Hebrew Wınona ALTKE, Lake RE » ; B practical grammar for Classical Hebhrew Oxford, 959 [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=VRIEZEN%2C+Einige+Notizen+ZUYF+%C3%9Cbersetzung+des+Bindewortes+1958%2C+266275+O%E2%80%99CONNOR+M%2E%2C+An+introduction+fO+1DL11Ca+Hebrew+W%C4%B1nona+ALTKE%2C+Lake+RE+%C2%BB+%3B+B+practical+grammar+for+Classical+Hebhrew+Oxford%2C+959)
37. WEINRICH, H.. I empus: Besprochene und erzählte elt. Stuttgart, 964 alıan Translatıon: empus Le funzioni dei empL nel Seriıe dı Lingulstica Chritica Letterarıa, Bologna, ILLIAMS, R3 Hebhrew 'YNIAX. An outline. Toronto, 980 Ihe 1DI1Ca. Hebrew Particle WOELLER, U7 ur Übersetzung VoNn In Gen 0,21 und 9! ZA = 94, 1982, 637-638 [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=WEINRICH%2C+H%2E%2E+I+empus%3A+Besprochene+und+erz%C3%A4hlte+elt%2E+Stuttgart%2C+964+al%C4%B1an+Translat%C4%B1on%3A+empus+Le+funzioni+dei+empL+nel+Seri%C4%B1e+d%C4%B1+Lingulstica+Chritica+Letterar%C4%B1a%2C+Bologna%2C+ILLIAMS%2C+R3+Hebhrew+%27YNIAX%2E+An)
38. OLFF, Hosea, BKAI 4/1 eukırchen-Vluyn, 1965 nglıs {Iranslatıon: Hosea. Commentary the Book of the rophete Hosea, Phıladephia, ORELL, P} ıbt IM Hehbhrdischen eın nk1 recitativum ‘‘ Bıb 14, 1933, 465-468 [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=OLFF%2C+Hosea%2C+BKAI+4%2F1+euk%C4%B1rchen%2DVluyn%2C+1965+ngl%C4%B1s+%7BIranslat%C4%B1on%3A+Hosea%2E+Commentary+the+Book+of+the+rophete+Hosea%2C+Ph%C4%B1ladephia%2C+ORELL%2C+P%7D+%C4%B1bt+IM+Hehbhrdischen+e%C4%B1n+nk1+recitativum+%E2%80%98%E2%80%98+B%C4%B1b+14%2C+1933%2C+465%2D46)