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# Prayer and (Im)Politeness: Reading Psalm 7

**Authors:** Ethan C. Jones · **Year:** 2024 (indexed 2025) · **Venue:** Old Testament Essays 37/3, 1–22 **Link:** [doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2024/v37n3a3](https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2024/v37n3a3) · **Licence:** open access, licence not confirmed in the PDF — copyrighted, summary only

[**0** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4410505538) openalex · 2026-10-18[Old Testament Essays](https://openalex.org/S2764401565)

- [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2024/v37n3a3)
- [PDF](https://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/ote/v37n3/03.pdf)
- [DOI 10.17159/2312-3621/2024/v37n3a3](https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2024/v37n3a3)
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**Authors (1)**

1. [Ethan C. Jones](https://openalex.org/A5080785845) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5544-9265) · h 2 · 10 citations · 16 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex (2026-10-18); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

Politeness research on the Hebrew Bible has so far looked at speeches in narrative; this article carries it into poetry, taking Psalm 7 as a test case. The method is a mix: Brown and Levinson's positive and negative face strategies, "discernment" (language that is quasi-obligatory given the power gap between speaker and addressee), linguistic ritual, and emotion read from linguistic cues rather than emotion words. Read verse by verse, the psalm opens with in-group markers (vocative YHWH + "my God"), a fronted "in you" as focus, and a qatal of trust before any request; reasons are given for each plea (positive politeness); the long imperatives with -â (קוּמָה, עוּרָה), a niphal instead of an active stem, and jussive + נָא are read as deference (negative politeness). The author's claim is that both strategies work together in prayer to a superior who is not obliged to act.

## Ideas

- I1. A `prag` feature for directives: long imperative (-â ending, e.g. קוּמָה, שִׁמְעָה), jussive or cohortative + נָא, and third-person address of a superior → mark `hedge=1` (softened request); short imperative → unhedged. Measure against the JPS reading ("I pray thee", "please") over the Torah.
- I2. Count, per direct speech in the Torah, a "polite frame" before the first directive: vocative + possessive address (אֲדֹנִי, אֱלֹהַי), a reason clause with כִּי, a self-abasing term (עַבְדְּךָ). Compare frames by speaker–addressee power (servant to master, human to God, God to human).
- I3. In the manual, list the politeness markers of Biblical Hebrew with the competing views (Fassberg: the long imperative is "towards the speaker"; Jenni, Dallaire: it softens) and say which one Mova's rule follows.

## For Mova

I1 is a rule for `tools/macula/src/prag.rs` (the `hedge` column), measured with `--with`/`--without`; the long imperative needs a morphology check on MACULA's form, since MACULA marks mood but not the -â. I2 is a count on the Torah trees for [Discourse: narrative, speech and the shape of a text](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/hbo/09-discourse/) (politeness section). I3 goes into `06-verb.md` (volitives) and `05-pronouns-particles.md` (נָא). The Psalms are outside our trees, so the paper's own examples are illustration only.

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.17159/2312-3621/2024/v37n3a3](https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2024/v37n3a3)

```
@inproceedings{jones2025prayer,
  title = {{Prayer and (Im)Politeness: Reading Psalm 7}},
  author = {Jones, Ethan C.},
  booktitle = {Old Testament Essays},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.17159/2312-3621/2024/v37n3a3},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2024/v37n3a3}
}
```

- [← previous The Direct Object Marker /t-/ in Bar-Kosiba Hebrew: A Manifestation of Widespread Vowel Prosthesis in Post-Biblical Hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2025-bunis-direct-object-marker-t-bar/)
- [next → Some Dynamics of Word Order in Biblical Hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2025-joosten-some-dynamics-word-order-biblical/)
- [↑ back to Ancient Hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo/)

## References

54 references, 1 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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