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# Loanwords in the Language of Archaic Biblical Hebrew Poetry: A Case for Akkadianisms

**Authors:** Tania Notarius · **Year:** 2025 · **Venue:** Orientalia Suecana 74, 136–148 **Link:** [doi.org/10.33063/os.v74.782](https://doi.org/10.33063/os.v74.782) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

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- [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.33063/os.v74.782)
- [PDF](https://journals.uu.se/orientaliasuecana/article/download/782/923)
- [DOI 10.33063/os.v74.782](https://doi.org/10.33063/os.v74.782)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W7116126111)

**Authors (1)**

1. Tania Notarius

Citations and author metrics from openalex-snapshot (2026-10-14); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

The paper asks how much Akkadian left in the vocabulary of the archaic poems of the Pentateuch and Former Prophets (Gen 49, Ex 15, Num 23–24, Deut 32, Deut 33, Judg 5, 2 Sam 22). It first sets explicit criteria for calling a word an Akkadianism: no good Northwest, Central or West Semitic etymology; wide spread within Akkadian itself; regular sound correspondences (sibilants, gutturals); a Sumerian source; or Hebrew usage that follows the East Semitic meaning against its West Semitic cognates. It then sorts the candidates into direct loans, indirect loans via Old Canaanite, wandering culture words (מַס corvée, סוּס horse), loan translations and shared idioms, semantic loans and phono-semantic matching. The result: the archaic poems are very conservative, far more than Isaiah; Ex 15, Deut 32 and 33 show almost nothing, Judg 5 indirect borrowing, Num 23–24 and 2 Sam 22 a few direct loans, and Gen 49 (the Blessing of Jacob) stands apart with the most lexical and semantic borrowings, a sign that the corpus is not one layer.

## Ideas

- I1. Add a `borrowing` field to the Torah dictionary for the few candidates the paper discusses in Torah poems (e.g. Gen 49:4, 5, 11, 12, 20, 21, 22), with the type (direct, indirect, culture word, semantic loan, calque) and the confidence the paper gives, never more.
- I2. Write the paper's criteria list into the manual's loanword section as the test Mova applies before calling any word a loan: a decision list, not a verdict per word.
- I3. Mark the archaic poems (Gen 49, Ex 15, Num 23–24, Deut 32–33) as a register of their own in the parse database, so that counts in the grammar can be given with and without them; their lexicon and syntax differ from Torah prose.

## For Mova

I1 goes into `macula dict` (the Torah dictionary, a column filled by hand from cited sources) and [The lexicon](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/hbo/10-lexicon/) (loanwords). I2 is text for `10-lexicon.md`. I3 is a flag per verse range in the trees or `verses.tsv`, used by the counts in `08-syntax.md` and `12-biblical-mishnaic-modern.md` (stages and dating).

Topics: [Akkadian and cuneiform NLP](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/topics/akkadian-cuneiform-nlp/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.33063/os.v74.782](https://doi.org/10.33063/os.v74.782)

```
@inproceedings{notarius2025loanwords,
  title = {{Loanwords in the Language of Archaic Biblical Hebrew Poetry: A Case for Akkadianisms}},
  author = {Notarius, Tania},
  booktitle = {Orientalia Suecana},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.33063/os.v74.782},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.33063/os.v74.782}
}
```

- [← previous Accusation, Anger, and Defense: Rhetorical Questions in Genesis, Exodus, Numbers, and Judges](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2025-nabulsi-accusation-anger-defense-rhetorical-questions/)
- [next → The Arabo-Tiberian Vocalisation System: An Undocumented Set of Medieval Vowel Signs for the Hebrew Script](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2025-posegay-arabo-tiberian-vocalisation-system-undocumented/)
- [↑ back to Ancient Hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo/)

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