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# MiqraBERT: Regression-Based Sentence-BERT Finetuning for Biblical Hebrew Parallel Detection

**Authors:** [David M. Smiley](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/david-m-smiley/) · **Year:** 2026 · **Venue:** arXiv 2606.19638 **Link:** [arxiv.org/abs/2606.19638](https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.19638) (model: huggingface.co/davidmsmiley/MiqraBERT) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

[**0** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W7165384967) openalex · 2026-10-18[arXiv:2606.19638](https://openalex.org/S4306400194)[licence](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.19638)
- [PDF](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2606.19638)
- [arXiv 2606.19638](https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.19638)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W7165384967)

**Authors (1)**

1. [David M. Smiley](https://openalex.org/A5022455188) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8211-3783) · h 1 · 1 citations · 11 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex (2026-10-18); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

A follow-up to the author's 2025 benchmark: AlephBERT (Modern Hebrew) is finetuned as a Sentence-BERT model with cosine-similarity regression on 1,650 verse and half-verse pairs, 825 true parallels (Chronicles synoptic material and poetic parallels from classic studies, the T'OMIM set) and 825 random negatives, over ten seeds. The paper explains why pretrained encoders fail: every Biblical Hebrew verse lands in one narrow region of the space, so unrelated verses get high cosine (E5 rates 2 Sam 5:1 and Job 38:4 at 0.87). After finetuning, the separation between parallel and non-parallel scores grows 2.7-fold and the overlap region shrinks from about 24% to 6%; narrative parallels reach recall@10 of 87.1%, but poetic parallels stay below 9%. The related-work review is useful in itself: Lobbezoo (2015) found string-distance features on lexemes reach AUC 0.937 on cross-reference pairs, while 162 ETCBC grammatical features together reach only 0.646.

## Ideas

- I1. Before any learned model, Mova's parallel finder should be lexical: the review's numbers say lemma and string overlap carry most of the signal for reused text. A lemma-overlap score with explained matches is the baseline any embedding must beat.
- I2. Poetic parallelism (the second colon restating the first with different words) is the case lexical overlap and the finetuned model both miss. A transparent attempt: align the two cola of a verse by tree role (same relation to the verb, same frame) and test whether the aligned words are related in the Torah dictionary (shared English gloss, same semantic field). Measure on the Torah's poems (Gen 49, Ex 15, Deut 32–33) by hand-checked pairs.
- I3. Report every similarity measure with an overlap-region figure (share of true and false pairs whose scores fall in the same band), the paper's metric, beside precision and recall.

## For Mova

I1 is the same tool as in the 2025 card (`hbo-2025-smiley-intertextual-parallel-detection-biblical-hebrew` I1). I2 belongs in [2. Cantillation: the accents (te'amim)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/hbo/02-cantillation/) and `08-syntax.md` (poetry: the verse's dichotomy and parallel cola) and uses `macula dict` glosses; the atnaḥ gives the split point. I3 is a measurement habit for chapter 13. The model itself is not usable at test time (a neural encoder), only as a teacher or a comparison.

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [arXiv 2606.19638](https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.19638)

```
@misc{smiley2026miqrabert,
  title = {{MiqraBERT: Regression-Based Sentence-BERT Finetuning for Biblical Hebrew Parallel Detection}},
  author = {Smiley, David M.},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2606.19638},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.19638}
}
```

- [← previous Interaction in Biblical Hebrew Narrative: A Conversation-Analytic Approach](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2026-patty-interaction-biblical-hebrew-narrative-conversation/)
- [next → T'OMIM: A Morphologically Annotated Dataset of Parallel Passages in the Hebrew Bible](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2026-smiley-tomim-morphologically-annotated-dataset-parallel/)
- [↑ back to Ancient Hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo/)

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