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# T'OMIM: A Morphologically Annotated Dataset of Parallel Passages in the Hebrew Bible

**Authors:** [David M. Smiley](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/david-m-smiley/) · **Year:** 2026 · **Venue:** Journal of Open Humanities Data 12 **Link:** [doi.org/10.5334/johd.608](https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.608) (data on Zenodo, record 19135731) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) (paper and data)

[**0** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W7203744425) openalex · 2026-10-18[Journal of Open Humanities Data](https://openalex.org/S4210240912)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.608)
- [PDF](https://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/608/files/6a8594b1387be.pdf)
- [DOI 10.5334/johd.608](https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.608)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W7203744425)

**Authors (1)**

1. [David M. Smiley](https://openalex.org/A5022455188) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8211-3783) · h 1 · 1 citations · 11 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex (2026-10-18); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

The full text is not in the library; this card rests on the published abstract and catalogue record, and its ideas are provisional. The dataset fills a gap: scholars have long listed the Bible's inner parallels, but no machine-readable, morphologically annotated set existed. T'OMIM pairs 554 narrative parallels from the Chronicles synoptic tradition with 256 poetic parallels collected from major studies of biblical parallelism. Every pair is aligned to the ETCBC's BHSA text at verse and word level, so each word carries BHSA's morphology. It is released as four Parquet files on Zenodo, and it is the training and test material of the MiqraBERT paper.

## Ideas

- I1. Use T'OMIM's pairs as the gold for Mova's own parallel finder (lemma overlap plus tree alignment): CC BY 4.0 data may be used and cited. Map BHSA word ids to MACULA ids (both rest on the Leningrad Codex) once, and keep the mapping as a small file.
- I2. The word-level alignments of the 256 poetic pairs are a ready test of "which word answers which" in parallel cola; use them to score the role-alignment idea in the MiqraBERT card (I2) without hand-labelling.
- I3. From the narrative pairs, count the kinds of change between the earlier and later text (a word replaced, a word added, a construction changed) as a small, dated table of Early vs Late Biblical Hebrew substitutions.

## For Mova

I1 and I2 need a BHSA→MACULA word mapping (a step in `tools/macula`), then the parallel tool proposed in `hbo-2025-smiley-intertextual-parallel-detection-biblical-hebrew`. I3 is a table for [12. Biblical, Mishnaic and Modern Hebrew compared](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/hbo/12-biblical-mishnaic-modern/) (the dating debate), with counts dated. Most pairs lie outside the Torah, so our trees cover only the Torah side of the few Torah poetic pairs; the rest needs MACULA's other books.

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.5334/johd.608](https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.608)

```
@article{smiley2026t,
  title = {{T'OMIM: A Morphologically Annotated Dataset of Parallel Passages in the Hebrew Bible}},
  author = {Smiley, David M.},
  journal = {Journal of Open Humanities Data},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.5334/johd.608},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.608}
}
```

- [← previous MiqraBERT: Regression-Based Sentence-BERT Finetuning for Biblical Hebrew Parallel Detection](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2026-smiley-miqrabert-regression-based-sentence-bert/)
- [next → Old Hebrew Inscriptions from Tel Arad](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2026-stefaniak-old-hebrew-inscriptions-tel-arad/)
- [↑ back to Ancient Hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo/)