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# Ancient Hebrew

Ancient Hebrew is read by Mova from the texts themselves, layer by layer: archaic poetry, classical prose, late Biblical Hebrew, the Hebrew of Ben Sira and the Dead Sea Scrolls, and Mishnaic Hebrew. These cards cover its grammar and phonology (the Tiberian tradition), word segmentation and morphology, the treebanks of the Hebrew Bible, the Masoretic text, roots and the verb patterns (binyanim).

Each card names the ideas Mova takes for its Hebrew segmenter and parser, its dictionaries of the Tanakh and its manual of the language, and what each idea did when we tried it.

226 pages

**1**[2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo/page/2/)[3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo/page/3/)

- [acl-2019-luo-neural-decipherment-minimum-cost-flow](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/acl-2019-luo-neural-decipherment-minimum-cost-flow/) — Neural Decipherment via Minimum-Cost Flow: From Ugaritic to Linear B
- [aclbulk-1969-kasher-book-isaiah-morphological-clustering-disputed](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-1969-kasher-book-isaiah-morphological-clustering-disputed/) — The Book of Isaiah: Morphological Clustering and Disputed Authorship
- [aclbulk-1994-kiraz-multi-tape-two-level-morphology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-1994-kiraz-multi-tape-two-level-morphology/) — Multi-Tape Two-Level Morphology: A Case Study in Semitic Non-Linear Morphology
- [aclbulk-2002-gal-hmm-approach-vowel-restoration-arabic](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2002-gal-hmm-approach-vowel-restoration-arabic/) — An HMM Approach to Vowel Restoration in Arabic and Hebrew
- [aclbulk-2002-ornan-morphological-syntactic-semantic-search-engine](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2002-ornan-morphological-syntactic-semantic-search-engine/) — A Morphological, Syntactic and Semantic Search Engine for Hebrew Texts
- [aclbulk-2004-daya-learning-hebrew-roots-machine-learning](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2004-daya-learning-hebrew-roots-machine-learning/) — Learning Hebrew Roots: Machine Learning with Linguistic Constraints
- [aclbulk-2005-yona-finite-state-morphological-grammar-hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2005-yona-finite-state-morphological-grammar-hebrew/) — A Finite-State Morphological Grammar of Hebrew
- [aclbulk-2009-gasser-semitic-morphological-analysis-generation-finite](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2009-gasser-semitic-morphological-analysis-generation-finite/) — Semitic Morphological Analysis and Generation Using Finite State Transducers with Feature Structures
- [aclbulk-2009-hulden-revisiting-multi-tape-automata-semitic](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2009-hulden-revisiting-multi-tape-automata-semitic/) — Revisiting Multi-Tape Automata for Semitic Morphological Analysis and Generation
- [aclbulk-2009-peursen-how-establish-verbal-paradigm-basis](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2009-peursen-how-establish-verbal-paradigm-basis/) — How to Establish a Verbal Paradigm on the Basis of Ancient Syriac Manuscripts
- [aclbulk-2011-koppel-unsupervised-decomposition-document-into-authorial](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2011-koppel-unsupervised-decomposition-document-into-authorial/) — Unsupervised Decomposition of a Document into Authorial Components
- [aclbulk-2017-giovannetti-stylometry-computer-assisted-translation-experiments](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2017-giovannetti-stylometry-computer-assisted-translation-experiments/) — Stylometry in Computer-Assisted Translation: Experiments on the Babylonian Talmud
- [aclbulk-2018-giovannetti-constructing-annotated-resource-part-speech](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2018-giovannetti-constructing-annotated-resource-part-speech/) — Constructing an Annotated Resource for Part-Of-Speech Tagging of Mishnaic Hebrew
- [aclbulk-2018-zeldes-characterwise-windowed-approach-hebrew-morphological](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2018-zeldes-characterwise-windowed-approach-hebrew-morphological/) — A Characterwise Windowed Approach to Hebrew Morphological Segmentation
- [aclbulk-2019-kishky-constrained-sequence-sequence-semitic-root](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2019-kishky-constrained-sequence-sequence-semitic-root/) — Constrained Sequence-to-sequence Semitic Root Extraction for Enriching Word Embeddings
- [aclbulk-2019-tsarfaty-what-s-wrong-hebrew-nlp](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2019-tsarfaty-what-s-wrong-hebrew-nlp/) — What's Wrong with Hebrew NLP? And How to Make it Right
- [aclbulk-2020-azar-thesaurus-biblical-hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2020-azar-thesaurus-biblical-hebrew/) — A Thesaurus for Biblical Hebrew
- [aclbulk-2020-shmidman-nakdan-professional-hebrew-diacritizer](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2020-shmidman-nakdan-professional-hebrew-diacritizer/) — Nakdan: Professional Hebrew Diacritizer
- [aclbulk-2020-stringham-evaluating-word-embeddings-low-resource](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2020-stringham-evaluating-word-embeddings-low-resource/) — Evaluating Word Embeddings on Low-Resource Languages
- [aclbulk-2020-terner-transliteration-judeo-arabic-texts-into](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2020-terner-transliteration-judeo-arabic-texts-into/) — Transliteration of Judeo-Arabic Texts into Arabic Script Using Recurrent Neural Networks
- [aclbulk-2021-stekel-word-sense-induction-attentive-context](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2021-stekel-word-sense-induction-attentive-context/) — Word Sense Induction with Attentive Context Clustering
- [aclbulk-2022-swanson-handling-stress-finite-state-morphological](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2022-swanson-handling-stress-finite-state-morphological/) — Handling Stress in Finite-State Morphological Analyzers for Ancient Greek and Ancient Hebrew
- [aclbulk-2022-tannor-style-classification-rabbinic-literature-detection](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2022-tannor-style-classification-rabbinic-literature-detection/) — Style Classification of Rabbinic Literature for Detection of Lost Midrash Tanhuma Material
- [aclbulk-2024-fono-embible-reconstruction-ancient-hebrew-aramaic](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2024-fono-embible-reconstruction-ancient-hebrew-aramaic/) — Embible: Reconstruction of Ancient Hebrew and Aramaic Texts Using Transformers
- [aclbulk-2024-mcgovern-detecting-narrative-patterns-biblical-hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2024-mcgovern-detecting-narrative-patterns-biblical-hebrew/) — Detecting Narrative Patterns in Biblical Hebrew and Greek
- [aclbulk-2024-shmidman-computational-methods-analysis-complementizer-variability](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2024-shmidman-computational-methods-analysis-complementizer-variability/) — Computational Methods for the Analysis of Complementizer Variability in Language and Literature: The Case of Hebrew "she-" and "ki"
- [aclbulk-2024-shmidman-msbert-new-model-reconstruction-lacunae](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2024-shmidman-msbert-new-model-reconstruction-lacunae/) — MsBERT: A New Model for the Reconstruction of Lacunae in Hebrew Manuscripts
- [aclbulk-2025-baitner-development-hebrew-antiquity-computational-linguistic](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2025-baitner-development-hebrew-antiquity-computational-linguistic/) — The Development of Hebrew in Antiquity – A Computational Linguistic Study
- [aclbulk-2025-hatch-semitic-root-encoding-tokenization-based](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2025-hatch-semitic-root-encoding-tokenization-based/) — Semitic Root Encoding: Tokenization Based on the Templatic Morphology of Semitic Languages in NMT
- [aclbulk-2025-lourie-integrating-semantic-statistical-features-authorial](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2025-lourie-integrating-semantic-statistical-features-authorial/) — Integrating Semantic and Statistical Features for Authorial Clustering of Qumran Scrolls
- [aclbulk-2025-miller-systematic-textual-availability-manuscripts](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2025-miller-systematic-textual-availability-manuscripts/) — Systematic Textual Availability of Manuscripts
- [aclbulk-2025-naaijer-integrated-methodology-dating-biblical-texts](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2025-naaijer-integrated-methodology-dating-biblical-texts/) — Towards an Integrated Methodology of Dating Biblical Texts: The Case of the Book of Jeremiah
- [aclbulk-2025-rosensweig-automatic-text-segmentation-ancient-historic](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2025-rosensweig-automatic-text-segmentation-ancient-historic/) — Automatic Text Segmentation of Ancient and Historic Hebrew
- [aclbulk-2026-bernstein-layered-annotation-workflow-semitic-epigraphy](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2026-bernstein-layered-annotation-workflow-semitic-epigraphy/) — A Layered Annotation Workflow for Semitic Epigraphy
- [aclbulk-2026-elboher-hebrew-diacritics-restoration-visual-representation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2026-elboher-hebrew-diacritics-restoration-visual-representation/) — Hebrew Diacritics Restoration using Visual Representation
- [aclbulk-2026-gershuni-human-ai-annotation-error-auditing](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2026-gershuni-human-ai-annotation-error-auditing/) — Human-AI Annotation Error Auditing for Hebrew Diacritization with Frontier LLMs
- [aclbulk-2026-liebeskind-domain-aware-error-correction-citation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2026-liebeskind-domain-aware-error-correction-citation/) — Domain-Aware Error Correction for Citation NER in Medieval Hebrew Responsa
- [aclbulk-2026-stoupak-bereshit-ancient-hebrew-model-based](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2026-stoupak-bereshit-ancient-hebrew-model-based/) — BEReshiT: an Ancient Hebrew Model based on DictaBERT
- [aclbulk-2026-tal-modeling-dalet-clitic-historical-hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2026-tal-modeling-dalet-clitic-historical-hebrew/) — Modeling the Dalet Clitic in Historical Hebrew Texts: A New Prefix-Segmented BERT Model and Stylistic Analysis
- [cl-1995-levinger-learning-morpho-lexical-probabilities-untagged](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cl-1995-levinger-learning-morpho-lexical-probabilities-untagged/) — Learning Morpho-Lexical Probabilities from an Untagged Corpus with an Application to Hebrew
- [cl-2008-daya-identifying-semitic-roots-machine-learning](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cl-2008-daya-identifying-semitic-roots-machine-learning/) — Identifying Semitic Roots: Machine Learning with Linguistic Constraints
- [coref-2024-swanson-named-entity-coreference-annotation-hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/coref-2024-swanson-named-entity-coreference-annotation-hebrew/) — Towards Named-Entity and Coreference Annotation of the Hebrew Bible
- [eacl-2023-shmidman-do-pretrained-contextual-language-models](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/eacl-2023-shmidman-do-pretrained-contextual-language-models/) — Do Pretrained Contextual Language Models Distinguish between Hebrew Homograph Analyses?
- [eacl-2024-toker-dataset-metaphor-detection-early-medieval](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/eacl-2024-toker-dataset-metaphor-detection-early-medieval/) — A Dataset for Metaphor Detection in Early Medieval Hebrew Poetry
- [findings-2020-shmidman-novel-challenge-set-hebrew-morphological](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/findings-2020-shmidman-novel-challenge-set-hebrew-morphological/) — A Novel Challenge Set for Hebrew Morphological Disambiguation and Diacritics Restoration
- [findings-2022-gershuni-restoring-hebrew-diacritics-without-dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/findings-2022-gershuni-restoring-hebrew-diacritics-without-dictionary/) — Restoring Hebrew Diacritics Without a Dictionary
- [findings-2024-shmidman-mrl-parsing-without-tears-case](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/findings-2024-shmidman-mrl-parsing-without-tears-case/) — MRL Parsing Without Tears: The Case of Hebrew
- [findings-2025-stoupak-classifier-word-level-variants-witnesses](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/findings-2025-stoupak-classifier-word-level-variants-witnesses/) — A Classifier of Word-Level Variants in Witnesses of Biblical Hebrew Manuscripts
- [hbo-1993-endo-verbal-system-classical-hebrew-joseph](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-1993-endo-verbal-system-classical-hebrew-joseph/) — The Verbal System of Classical Hebrew in the Joseph Story: An Approach from Discourse Analysis
- [hbo-1994-kroeze-three-dimensional-approach-gender-sex](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-1994-kroeze-three-dimensional-approach-gender-sex/) — A three-dimensional approach to the gender/sex of nouns in Biblical Hebrew
- [hbo-1995-collins-wayyiqtol-pluperfect-why](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-1995-collins-wayyiqtol-pluperfect-why/) — The Wayyiqtol as 'Pluperfect': When and Why
- [hbo-1996-meister-interrogatives-biblical-hebrew-case-study](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-1996-meister-interrogatives-biblical-hebrew-case-study/) — Interrogatives in Biblical Hebrew: a case study in the Joseph narrative
- [hbo-1999-rendsburg-confused-language-deliberate-literary-device](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-1999-rendsburg-confused-language-deliberate-literary-device/) — Confused Language as a Deliberate Literary Device in Biblical Hebrew Narrative
- [hbo-2000-anstey-linguistic-description-analysis-2-samuel](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2000-anstey-linguistic-description-analysis-2-samuel/) — The Linguistic Description and Analysis of 2 Samuel 11–12 From The Perspective of Functional Grammar In the Tradition of Simon Dik
- [hbo-2001-caen-hebrew-linguistics-biblical-criticism-minimalist](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2001-caen-hebrew-linguistics-biblical-criticism-minimalist/) — Hebrew Linguistics and Biblical Criticism: A Minimalist Programme
- [hbo-2003-liss-undisclosed-speech-patterns-communication-book](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2003-liss-undisclosed-speech-patterns-communication-book/) — Undisclosed Speech: Patterns of Communication in the Book of Isaiah
- [hbo-2004-floor-information-structure-topic-focus-theme](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2004-floor-information-structure-topic-focus-theme/) — From information structure, topic and focus, to theme in Biblical Hebrew
- [hbo-2004-merwe-overview-recent-developments-description-biblical](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2004-merwe-overview-recent-developments-description-biblical/) — An overview of recent developments in the description of Biblical Hebrew relevant to Bible translation
- [hbo-2004-snyman-chapter-3-minimalist-assumptions-negation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2004-snyman-chapter-3-minimalist-assumptions-negation/) — Chapter 3: Minimalist assumptions on negation in Biblical Hebrew syntax
- [hbo-2005-schniedewind-prolegomena-sociolinguistics-classical-hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2005-schniedewind-prolegomena-sociolinguistics-classical-hebrew/) — Prolegomena for the Sociolinguistics of Classical Hebrew
- [hbo-2006-holmstedt-issues-linguistic-analysis-dead-language](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2006-holmstedt-issues-linguistic-analysis-dead-language/) — Issues in the Linguistic Analysis of a Dead Language, with Particular Reference to Ancient Hebrew
- [hbo-2006-li-va-yehi-discourse-marker-kings](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2006-li-va-yehi-discourse-marker-kings/) — Va'yehi as a Discourse Marker in Kings
- [hbo-2006-longacre-discourse-structure-verb-forms-archaism](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2006-longacre-discourse-structure-verb-forms-archaism/) — Discourse Structure, Verb Forms, and Archaism in Psalm 18
- [hbo-2007-runge-discourse-functional-description-participant-reference](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2007-runge-discourse-functional-description-participant-reference/) — A Discourse-Functional Description of Participant Reference in Biblical Hebrew Narrative
- [hbo-2007-warren-rothlin-politeness-strategies-biblical-hebrew-west](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2007-warren-rothlin-politeness-strategies-biblical-hebrew-west/) — Politeness Strategies in Biblical Hebrew and West African Languages
- [hbo-2008-cook-vav-prefixed-verb-forms-elementary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2008-cook-vav-prefixed-verb-forms-elementary/) — The Vav-Prefixed Verb Forms in Elementary Hebrew Grammar
- [hbo-2008-stein-noun-biblical-hebrew-term-affiliation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2008-stein-noun-biblical-hebrew-term-affiliation/) — The Noun אִישׁ (ʾîš) in Biblical Hebrew: A Term of Affiliation
- [hbo-2008-yoo-paragraphs-episodes-distinguishing-paragraphs-biblical](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2008-yoo-paragraphs-episodes-distinguishing-paragraphs-biblical/) — Paragraphs as episodes: distinguishing paragraphs in Biblical Hebrew narrative text on the basis of linguistic devices
- [hbo-2008-young-late-biblical-hebrew-qumran-pesher](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2008-young-late-biblical-hebrew-qumran-pesher/) — Late Biblical Hebrew and the Qumran Pesher Habakkuk
- [hbo-2009-benton-aspect-biblical-hebrew-niphal-hitpael](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2009-benton-aspect-biblical-hebrew-niphal-hitpael/) — Aspect and the Biblical Hebrew Niphal and Hitpael
- [hbo-2009-savran-multivocality-group-speech-biblical-narrative](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2009-savran-multivocality-group-speech-biblical-narrative/) — Multivocality in Group Speech in Biblical Narrative
- [hbo-2010-andrason-panchronic-yiqtol-functionally-consistent-cognitively](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2010-andrason-panchronic-yiqtol-functionally-consistent-cognitively/) — The Panchronic Yiqtol: Functionally Consistent and Cognitively Plausible
- [hbo-2010-westbury-towards-discourse-pragmatic-description-left](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2010-westbury-towards-discourse-pragmatic-description-left/) — Towards a discourse-pragmatic description of left-dislocation in biblical Hebrew
- [hbo-2011-andrason-biblical-hebrew-wayyiqtol-dynamic-definition](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2011-andrason-biblical-hebrew-wayyiqtol-dynamic-definition/) — Biblical Hebrew Wayyiqtol: A Dynamic Definition
- [hbo-2011-holmstedt-typological-classification-hebrew-genesis-subject](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2011-holmstedt-typological-classification-hebrew-genesis-subject/) — The Typological Classification of the Hebrew of Genesis: Subject-Verb or Verb-Subject?
- [hbo-2012-andrason-making-sound-performative-qatal-explanation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2012-andrason-making-sound-performative-qatal-explanation/) — Making It Sound: The Performative Qatal and Its Explanation
- [hbo-2012-gzella-some-general-remarks-interactions-between](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2012-gzella-some-general-remarks-interactions-between/) — Some General Remarks on Interactions between Aspect, Modality, and Evidentiality in Biblical Hebrew
- [hbo-2012-hutton-morphology-tg-stem-hebrew-tirgalti](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2012-hutton-morphology-tg-stem-hebrew-tirgalti/) — The Morphology of the tG-Stem in Hebrew and tirgaltî in Hos 11:3
- [hbo-2012-winther-nielsen-stones-display-joshua-6-linguistic](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2012-winther-nielsen-stones-display-joshua-6-linguistic/) — Stones on Display in Joshua 6: The Linguistic Tree Constructor as a "Persuasive Technology"
- [hbo-2013-andrason-optative-indicative-real-factual-past](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2013-andrason-optative-indicative-real-factual-past/) — An Optative Indicative? A Real Factual Past? Toward a Cognitive-Typological Approach to the Precative Qatal
- [hbo-2013-rezetko-qumran-scrolls-book-judges-literary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2013-rezetko-qumran-scrolls-book-judges-literary/) — The Qumran Scrolls of the Book of Judges: Literary Formation, Textual Criticism, and Historical Linguistics
- [hbo-2014-berman-diachronic-study-hebrew-bible-field](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2014-berman-diachronic-study-hebrew-bible-field/) — Diachronic Study of the Hebrew Bible: A Field in Crisis
- [hbo-2014-holmstedt-analyzing-grammar-reading-texts-ps](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2014-holmstedt-analyzing-grammar-reading-texts-ps/) — Analyzing זֶה Grammar and Reading זֶה Texts of Ps 68:9 and Judg 5:5
- [hbo-2014-kummerow-anaphora-deixis-tiberian-hebrew-semantically](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2014-kummerow-anaphora-deixis-tiberian-hebrew-semantically/) — Anaphora and Deixis in Tiberian Hebrew: Semantically Mapping the Case for a Distance-Neutral Demonstrative
- [hbo-2014-price-biblical-hebrew-feminine-singular-qal](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2014-price-biblical-hebrew-feminine-singular-qal/) — The Biblical Hebrew Feminine Singular Qal Participle: A Historical Reconstruction
- [hbo-2014-roorda-laf-fabric-data-analysis-tool](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2014-roorda-laf-fabric-data-analysis-tool/) — LAF-Fabric: a data analysis tool for Linguistic Annotation Framework with an application to the Hebrew Bible
- [hbo-2014-sanders-ashkar-gilson-manuscript-remnant-proto](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2014-sanders-ashkar-gilson-manuscript-remnant-proto/) — The Ashkar-Gilson Manuscript: Remnant of a Proto-Masoretic Model Scroll of the Torah
- [hbo-2014-westbury-left-dislocation-biblical-hebrew-cognitive](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo-2014-westbury-left-dislocation-biblical-hebrew-cognitive/) — Left Dislocation in Biblical Hebrew: A Cognitive Linguistic Account
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