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# Points of Contact: The Shared Intellectual History of Vocalisation in Syriac, Arabic, and Hebrew

**Authors:** [Nick Posegay](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/nick-posegay/) · **Year:** 2021 · **Venue:** Open Book Publishers (Cambridge Semitic Languages and Cultures 10) **Link:** [doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0271](https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0271) · library `hbobook-obp0271-posegay-points-contact` · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) (Open Book Publishers)

[**1** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/hbobook-obp0271-posegay-points-contact/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we readmonograph[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0271)
- [PDF](https://zenodo.org/api/records/19849170/files/f5749fc6-fb0d-4195-b984-183f868905e6_book.pdf/content)

**Authors (1)**

1. Nick Posegay

Citations and author metrics from OpenAlex (); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

A book on how Syriac, Arabic and Hebrew scholars of the fifth to eleventh centuries thought about vowels while they invented vowel pointing. Chapter 2 surveys three ways they separated vowels from consonants: "sounding" letters (a calque of the Greek phōnēenta, used by Jacob of Edessa for Syriac and later by the Masoretes as Arabic muṣawwitāt for the seven Tiberian vowels), "movements" (Arabic ḥaraka vs sākin, which Hebrew writers applied to mobile and quiescent shewa), and the double nature of the matres lectionis, which can be vowels or consonants. Chapter 3 traces "relative" vocalisation, where a dot marks a vowel as higher or lower than another (the early Syriac dots and the earliest Masoretic phonology), and chapter 4 the move to "absolute" names for each vowel in the three traditions between the ninth and eleventh centuries. The conclusion argues that the three systems grew through exchange between Christian, Muslim and Jewish scholars, not in isolation; a glossary of vocalisation terms closes the book. The card is written from the contents, the conclusion (ch. 5) and the glossary's scope.

## Ideas

- I1. A mater-lectionis table as data for unpointed reading: each of א ה ו י is listed with its consonantal and vocalic uses and the vowel class each mater can stand for (the medieval grouping of vowels by mater). In unpointed mode, a plene ו or י then restricts the candidate vocalisations of a word deterministically.
- I2. Shewa as "moved" vs "still": the medieval binary (mutaḥarrik / sākin) is exactly the decision a syllabifier has to make; name the two outputs that way in the phonology rules, with the medieval term as the gloss.
- I3. A multilingual glossary of the grammatical terms (Hebrew, Aramaic, Syriac, Arabic) for the script and phonology chapters, so that a term met in a Masoretic or Syriac source is mapped to the chapter's own term; it doubles as a lexicon test for `tools/langseg` on mixed technical passages.
- I4. Relative vocalisation as a feature: in Syriac and early Masoretic notation a dot above or below marks relative vowel height, not a fixed vowel. A Syriac reader in the Aramaic chapters must treat such dots as a two-way contrast within a word pair, not as a vowel sign.

## For Mova

I1 goes into [1. Script and pointing](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/hbo/01-script/) and the unpointed mode of `tools/hbo`; I2 into [Phonology of Biblical Hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/hbo/03-phonology/); I3 into [1. Script and pointing](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/hbo/01-script/) and [Script and phonology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/arc/script-phonology/); I4 into [Script and phonology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/arc/script-phonology/) (Syriac).

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```
@book{posegay2021points,
  title = {{Points of Contact: The Shared Intellectual History of Vocalisation in Syriac, Arabic, and Hebrew}},
  author = {Posegay, Nick},
  year = {2021},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0271}
}
```

- [← previous New Perspectives in Biblical and Rabbinic Hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbobook-obp0250-hornkohl-new-perspectives-biblical-rabbinic-hebrew/)
- [next → Annotation as a New Paradigm in Research Archiving](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/langstream-2014-roorda-annotation-new-paradigm-research-archiving/)
- [↑ back to Ancient Hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo/)

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229. Zajjājī, Abu al-Qāsim al-. 1959. Al-Īḍāḥ Fī ʿIllal al-Naḥw. Edited by Māzin Mubārak. Cairo: Dār al-Nafāsh. INDEX ʿAbd al-Malik, 171, 177, 178 182, 184, 185, 188, 272, absolute vocalisation, 137, 138, 141, 149, 153, 158, Bar Bahlul, 19, 38, 46, 64, 75, 162, 163, 164, 166, 167, 76, 77, 80, 240, 241, 242, 179, 206, 228, 238, 304, 243, 244, 250, 255, 329, 307, 309, 315 330, 336, 337, 340 Abū al-Faraj Hārūn, 24, 25, 74 Bar Hebraeus, 30, 205, 226, accents, 22, 23, 24, 39, 40, 42, 231, 234, 243, 253, 255, 45, 65, 66, 67, 82, 83, 131, 265, 282, 312, 329, 331 Aharon ben Asher, 5, 22, 40, 83, 257, 258, 285, 318, 331 al-Dānī, 17, 123, 172, 173, Bar Malkon, 255, 340 bgdkpt letters, 42, 114, 116, 117, 145, 312 Cairo Genizah, 8, 23, 39, 125, 175, 178, 202, 216, 309 257, 262, 263, 292 al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad, 15, 35, codex BL Add. 12138, 199 68, 87, 88, 119, 180, 212, Coptic, 41, 321 272, 305, 312 Dawid bar Pawlos, 18, 26, 32, al-Muḥkam fī Naqṭ al-Maṣāḥif, 6, 172 al-Qawl fī al-Nagham, 22, 271, 274, 292, 300 al-Zajjājī, 16, 58, 60, 204, 207, 211, 242 38, 45, 51, 54, 61, 62, 83, 101, 117, 121, 130, 136, 142, 144, 147, 157, 158, 160, 199, 203, 206, 226, 227, 228, 234, 238, 242, 248, 253, 254, 255, 305, Aristotle, 31, 35, 37, 47, 50, 310, 316, 324, 331, 332, 54, 323, 325, 332, 333 333, 334, 335, 336, 339, articulation points, 49, 89, 92, 99, 101, 118, 119, 169, 180, Dionysius Thrax, 26, 30, 31, 205, 213, 218, 235, 261, 50, 54, 58, 67, 117, 310, 310, 311, 313, 321,323, 324, 325, 330, 333, 334 Diqduqe ha-Ṭeʿamim, 8, 22, 23, ḥarakāt, 55, 62, 63, 68, 70, 83, 114, 257, 258, 261, 262, 119, 123, 124, 218, 311 267, 270, 283, 292, 331, 332, 334 Elias of Nisibis, 1, 21, 56, 78, Hidāya al-Qārī, 8, 24, 56, 74, 82, 109, 116, 200, 269, 286, 290, 301, 339 80, 81, 87, 102, 104, 105, homograph lists, 137, 154, 106, 107, 109, 110, 199, 157, 160, 162, 277, 305 226, 243, 244, 249, 250, Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq, 19, 20, 38, 251, 252, 253, 254, 306, 75, 124, 199, 205, 213, 226, 311, 313, 317, 323, 325, 228, 229, 233, 234, 235, 328, 329, 336, 337, 340 239, 245, 251, 254, 305, Elias of Ṭirhan, 21, 26, 50, 55, 313, 317, 333, 337 56, 62, 65, 78, 80, 81, 87, Ibn Jinnī, 16, 35, 47, 48, 56, 102, 104, 105, 126, 199, 69, 87, 99, 100, 101, 102, 226, 243, 244, 249, 250, 106, 109, 114, 121, 122, 251, 252, 253, 294, 305, 123, 125, 127, 132, 184, 310, 311, 313, 317, 325, 187, 188, 201, 207, 217, 328, 329, 333, 334, 336, 218, 222, 224, 261, 279, 337, 340 289, 313, 324, 325, 330 ʿEnanishoʿ, 19, 229, 230 Ibn Sīnā, 17, 26, 47, 48, 49, Greek, 6, 10, 17, 18, 25, 26, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 60, 87, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 122, 125, 220, 261, 294, 36, 38, 39, 46, 49, 50, 52, 311, 326, 330, 332, 337 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, ʾiʿjām, 13, 168, 169, 170, 177, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 85, 87, 179, 326 100, 104, 117, 122, 124, ʾimāla, 136, 167, 185, 186, 125, 127, 129, 131, 138, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 141, 157, 166, 177, 192, 192, 193, 195, 198, 201, Index 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 212, 215, 217, 218, 220, Kitāb al-Afʿal Dhuwāt Ḥurūf al-Līn, 24, 257, 262 222, 223, 225, 229, 289, Kitāb al-ʿAyn, 6, 15, 35, 86, 87, 290, 293, 294, 305, 314, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 315, 326, 330, 331, 338, 101, 102, 106, 132, 167, 180, 181, 182, 184, 186, ʾiʿrāb, 131, 132, 173, 174, 209, 189, 201, 204, 206, 207, 212, 214, 219, 225, 295, 208, 209, 210, 213, 215, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, ʿĪsā ibn ʿAlī, 56, 75, 199, 226, 235, 306 Jacob of Edessa, 7, 18, 19, 20, 26, 27, 40, 41, 43, 45, 49, 272, 312, 336 Kitāb Sībawayh, 6, 16, 34, 71, 87, 101, 115, 120, 167, 201, 272, 279, 294, 326 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 59, 62, Ktɔbɔ d-Shmɔhe Dɔmyɔye, 19, 66, 101, 117, 128, 135, 136, 199, 205, 226, 229, 236, 137, 143, 147, 150, 155, 237, 241, 242, 245, 255, 156, 157, 159, 160, 161, 317, 333, 337 165, 174, 177, 178, 192, Mafātīḥ al-ʿUlūm, 17, 87 199, 205, 206, 220, 226, mashlmɔnutɔ, 7, 20, 153, 199, 227, 230, 233, 237, 238, 226, 234 242, 245, 247, 248, 259, Masora, 8, 20, 21, 23, 137, 305,310, 314, 317, 321, 147, 149, 152, 153, 165 323, 324, 328, 329, 332, Masoretes, 3, 8, 11, 22, 42, 44, 333, 334 Judah ben David Ḥayyūj, 24, 46, 54, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 110, 131, 135, 136, 137, 87, 108, 116, 257, 261, 313, 147, 152, 153, 155, 157, 325, 332, 334, 335, 339 160, 162, 163, 164, 165, Kitāb Aḥkām al-Iʿrāb ʿalā 194, 233, 256, 262, 265, Madhhab al-Yūnāniyyīn, 125, 271, 284, 285, 288, 291, 303, 311, 314, 318 Masoretic lists, 148, 156, 159, matres lectionis, 11, 25, 30, 34, mustaʿliya letters, 186, 187, 188, 189, 192, 207, 208, 210, 273 37, 43, 49, 51, 52, 53, 55, naṣb, 63, 64, 95, 136, 167, 69, 81, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 185, 186, 188, 189, 190, 91, 92, 94, 96, 97, 99, 100, 191, 192, 195, 198, 201, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 209, 211, 219, 220, 228, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 229, 238, 254, 255, 289, 118, 121, 125, 127, 128, 290, 291, 293, 295, 297, 130, 203, 218, 237, 245, 298, 299, 301, 302, 304, 250, 260, 261, 277, 280, 305, 314, 315, 316, 317, 310, 312, 313, 316, 324, 326, 328, 331, 340 325, 326, 327, 328, 331, phoneenta, 59 333, 336, 339 puḥḥɔme, 132, 333 Memrɔ Gramaṭiqɔyɔ, 21, 50, 55, Qurʾān, 2, 138, 170, 171, 172, 80, 102, 126, 250, 253, 334, 175, 179, 193, 212, 223, 336, 337 228, 322 men lʿel-men ltaḥt, 328, 329 milleʿel-milleraʿ, 14, 160, 163, 184, 200, 278, 285, 301, 302, 303, 318, 329 red-dot vocalisation, 10, 167, 177, 193, 194, 315 relative vocalisation, 11, 136, 138, 141, 147, 152, 154, muṣawwitāt, 23, 26, 38, 39, 40, 155, 157, 158, 165, 169, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 175, 177, 181, 184, 188, 49, 51, 53, 54, 56, 59, 74, 192, 200, 203, 206, 212, 111, 115, 151, 239, 257, 261, 270, 306, 309, 314, 265, 279, 281, 283, 285, 315, 328 286, 287, 290, 292, 296, Risāla Asbāb Ḥudūth al-Ḥurūf, 302, 311, 312, 325, 327, 6, 17, 47, 60, 87, 330 330, 331, 332, 334, 335, 337, 338, 339 Index Saadia Gaon, 22, 26, 44, 56, Tiberian vocalisation, 163, 62, 83, 87, 110, 158, 252, 165, 166, 209, 285, 318 257, 271, 306, 318, 331 translation movement, 19, 36, Samaritan Hebrew, 320 38, 46, 54, 59, 60, 199, 229, Sefer Yeṣira, 22, 44, 87, 110, 235, 310 116, 117, 271, 279, 280, 335, 336 Sībawayh, 16, 34, 35, 56, 60, Turrɔṣ Mamllɔ Nahrɔyɔ, 18, 28, 30, 49, 128, 138, 249, 324, 62, 68, 69, 79, 81, 87, 88, Turrɔṣ Mamllɔ Suryɔyɔ, 20, 21, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 78, 104, 243, 249, 337 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, vowel names, 12, 17, 19, 20, 105, 106, 109, 111, 113, 21, 22, 24, 126, 152, 157, 114, 115, 118, 119, 120, 190, 195, 197, 198, 199, 121, 122, 182, 183, 184, 200, 204, 205, 209, 211, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 212, 215, 224, 226, 227, 190, 192, 204, 206, 207, 234, 236, 239, 240, 243, 209, 213, 214, 216, 217, 248, 252, 256, 257, 259, 218, 219, 224, 228, 272, 260, 262, 263, 270, 271, 279, 290, 312, 330, 331, 274, 276, 280, 281, 282, 336, 338 283, 284, 285, 288, 292, sounding letters, 25, 26, 27, 301, 302, 304, 306, 307, 28, 29, 32, 33, 37, 45, 47, 316, 317, 319 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 59, 61, Arabic, 136, 198, 205, 257, 81, 101, 103, 104, 126, 127, 143, 310, 311 Syriac diacritic dots, 10, 174, 176, 179 Syriac-Arabic lexica, 19, 75, 226, 235, 242, 249, 317, 329, 336, 337, 340 274, 288 Hebrew, 23, 148, 262, 271 Syriac, 12, 19, 126, 198, 199, 200, 203, 205, 206, 225, 250, 318 vowel scale, 22, 24, 158, 162, 163, 164, 260, 292, 296, 297, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 315, 318, 329 Hebrew, 23, 319 Cambridge Semitic Languages and Cultures General Editor Geoffrey Khan OPEN ACCESS Cambridge Semitic Languages and Cultures About the series [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Zajj%C4%81j%C4%AB%2C+Abu+al%2DQ%C4%81sim+al%2D%2E+1959%2E+Al%2D%C4%AA%E1%B8%8D%C4%81%E1%B8%A5+F%C4%AB+%CA%BFIllal+al%2DNa%E1%B8%A5w%2E+Edited+by+M%C4%81zin+Mub%C4%81rak%2E+Cairo%3A+D%C4%81r+al%2DNaf%C4%81sh%2E+INDEX+%CA%BFAbd+al%2DMalik%2C+171%2C+177%2C+178+182%2C+184%2C+185%2C+188%2C+272%2C+absolute+vocalisation%2C+137%2C+138%2C+)