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# Unsupervised Syntactically Controlled Paraphrase Generation with Abstract Meaning Representations

**Authors:** [Kuan-Hao Huang](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/kuan-hao-huang/), [Varun Iyer](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/varun-iyer/), [Anoop Kumar](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/anoop-kumar/), Sriram Venkatapathy, [Kai-Wei Chang](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/kai-wei-chang/), [Aram Galstyan](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/aram-galstyan/) · **Year:** 2022 · **Venue:** Findings of EMNLP 2022 **Link:** [aclanthology.org/2022.findings-emnlp.111](https://aclanthology.org/2022.findings-emnlp.111/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

[**5** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4385574169) openalex · 2026-10-18[**10** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/huang-2022-unsupervised-syntactically-controlled-paraphrase-generation/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2022](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/2022.findings-emnlp/)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2022.findings-emnlp.111/)
- [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2022.findings-emnlp.111.pdf)
- [DOI 10.18653/v1/2022.findings-emnlp.111](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.findings-emnlp.111)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4385574169)

**Authors (6)**

1. [Kuan-Hao Huang](https://openalex.org/A5048297682) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1634-9237) · h 15 · 753 citations · 55 works
2. [Varun Iyer](https://openalex.org/A5036517255) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7696-1513) · h 5 · 265 citations · 12 works
3. [Anoop Kumar](https://openalex.org/A5085371439) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7806-9986) · h 34 · 4317 citations · 323 works
4. [Sriram Venkatapathy](https://openalex.org/A5022203051) h 8 · 300 citations · 39 works
5. [Kai-Wei Chang](https://openalex.org/A5087096372) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5365-0072) · h 54 · 17628 citations · 433 works
6. [Aram Galstyan](https://openalex.org/A5101715504) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4215-0886) · h 42 · 12460 citations · 320 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex (2026-10-18); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

AMRPG generates a paraphrase that follows a requested syntactic form without any paraphrase pairs. It encodes the input twice: an AMR graph gives a semantic embedding, and the constituency parse gives a syntactic embedding. A decoder learns to reconstruct the input from the two. At test time the syntactic embedding of a different sentence, or of a template, is used, so the output keeps the meaning and takes the requested form. Training uses only the source sentences of ParaNMT. Among unsupervised systems, AMRPG gives the best syntactic control and the best BLEU on ParaNMT, Quora, MRPC and PAN test sets, and it beats the earlier unsupervised baseline SynPG. Its outputs also serve as augmentation that improves robustness on GLUE tasks under syntactic attack. The gap to a supervised model trained on paraphrase pairs remains, and the authors say it narrows when the model is fine-tuned on target-domain sources.

## Ideas

- I1. Count-based disentanglement. The paper separates meaning (AMR) from form (parse). In the meta-world, keep frame content and tree shape in two counted tables, and recombine the frame of one sentence with the shape of another, choosing shapes by counts per predicate arity. Check each output by exact frame match. Where: `tools/translate` and `tools/roundtrip`.
- I2. Shape-control measure. Given a requested UD shape, measure the share of linearised outputs that realise it. This is the paper's control accuracy, computed without any learned model, and it tests `en/src/lin.rs` directly.
- I3. Stability under shape change. Vary the tree shape of the translator's test verses and check whether the chosen words stay the same. Unstable word choice under reshaping signals a reader or encoder that depends on attachment noise, which is open problem 1.

## For Mova

The idea of separating semantics from syntax maps onto the meta-world with its tree heads. The paper's encoders and decoder are not for Mova. Its controls (I2, I3) are the useful part, because they can run on the existing linearizer and reader, with two runs for determinism.

Topics: [Machine translation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/topics/machine-translation/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.18653/v1/2022.findings-emnlp.111](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.findings-emnlp.111)

```
@inproceedings{huang2022unsupervised,
  title = {{Unsupervised Syntactically Controlled Paraphrase Generation with Abstract Meaning Representations}},
  author = {Huang, Kuan-Hao and Iyer, Varun and Kumar, Anoop and Venkatapathy, Sriram and Chang, Kai-Wei and Galstyan, Aram},
  booktitle = {Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2022},
  year = {2022},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2022.findings-emnlp.111},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.findings-emnlp.111}
}
```

- [← previous Statistical Syntax-Directed Translation with Extended Domain of Locality](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/huang-2006-statistical-syntax-directed-translation-extended/)
- [next → ParaAMR: A Large-Scale Syntactically Diverse Paraphrase Dataset by AMR Back-Translation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/huang-2023-paraamr-large-scale-syntactically-diverse/)
- [↑ back to Machine translation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/mtrans/)

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