[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/kaeshammer-2012-german-english-treebanks-lexica-tree/)

[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [docs](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/) / [papers](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/) / [English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/en/) / German and English Treebanks and Lexica for Tree-Adjoining Grammars

# German and English Treebanks and Lexica for Tree-Adjoining Grammars

**Authors:** Miriam Kaeshammer, [Vera Demberg](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/vera-demberg/) · **Year:** 2012 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'12) **Link:** [aclanthology.org/L12-1204](https://aclanthology.org/L12-1204/) · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/) (ACL Anthology, before 2016) — summary only; nothing copied into a release. The resources depend on the licensed Penn Treebank and TIGER corpora: evaluation only.

[**4** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/kaeshammer-2012-german-english-treebanks-lexica-tree/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'12)](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/L12-1/)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/L12-1204/)
- [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/L12-1204.pdf)

**Authors (2)**

1. Miriam Kaeshammer
2. Vera Demberg

Citations and author metrics from OpenAlex (); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

The paper builds a treebank and a lexicon for PLTAG, an incremental, psycholinguistically motivated version of tree-adjoining grammar. The English side is converted from the Penn Treebank, the German side from TIGER. Conversion adds structure the original annotation lacks, so that modifiers can adjoin; German uses sister-adjunction because its free word order produces flat trees. Elementary trees are extracted from the converted trees, and prediction trees are derived from connection paths, so that a parser can predict upcoming structure word by word. The conversion yields complete correct trees for 97.6% of PTB trees and 99.8% of TIGER trees. The English lexicon has about 6,000 tree templates, with 2.37 trees per word on average; the German lexicon is larger because German predicts more.

## Ideas

- I1. `en/src/lin.rs` and [19. The lexicon: vocabulary, multiword expressions and register](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/19-lexicon-mwe-register/): a table of multi-word entries with gaps, such as `either ... or` and particle verbs like `show up`, each stored with its positions. Measure how many gold multi-word units in UD EWT dev are recovered by the table.
- I2. Report ambiguity per lemma the way the paper does (trees per word, and the most ambiguous words such as `and`). Keep a count table in `en/src/dict.rs` order, and use it to choose which function words need a rule.
- I3. Prefix-level measure for `en/src/parse.rs`: after each word, count the attachments still open, and report the parser's accuracy on the prefix. This tests the paper's point that a predictive grammar needs fewer open decisions.

## For Mova

The chapters are [19. The lexicon: vocabulary, multiword expressions and register](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/19-lexicon-mwe-register/) (multi-word units), [13. Verbs](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/13-verbs/) (particle verbs) and [20. Syntax: the Universal Dependencies frame](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/20-syntax-overview/) (the parse). The code is `en/src/dict.rs`, `en/src/parse.rs` and `en/src/lin.rs`. The measures: recall of multi-word units on UD EWT dev, and per-lemma ambiguity counts. Only the ideas and the measures are for Mova; the treebanks themselves are not carried into the build.

Topics: [Treebanks](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/topics/treebanks/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```
@inproceedings{kaeshammer2012german,
  title = {{German and English Treebanks and Lexica for Tree-Adjoining Grammars}},
  author = {Kaeshammer, Miriam and Demberg, Vera},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'12)},
  year = {2012},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/L12-1204/}
}
```

- [← previous Speech act attenuation in the history of English: The case of apologies](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/jucker-2019-speech-act-attenuation-history-english/)
- [next → Parsing Gapping Constructions Based on Grammatical and Semantic Roles](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/kato-2020-parsing-gapping-constructions-based-grammatical/)
- [↑ back to English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/en/)

## References

30 references, 4 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

1. Tilman Becker, Aravind K. Joshi, and Owen Rambow. 1991. Long-Distance Scrambling and Tree Adjoining Grammars. In Proceedings of the fifth Conference of the EACL. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Tilman+Becker%2C+Aravind+K%2E+Joshi%2C+and+Owen+Rambow%2E+1991%2E+Long%2DDistance+Scrambling+and+Tree+Adjoining+Grammars%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+fifth+Conference+of+the+EACL%2E)
2. Sabine Brants, Stefanie Dipper, Silvia Hansen, Wolfgang Lezius, and George Smith. 2002. The TIGER treebank. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Sabine+Brants%2C+Stefanie+Dipper%2C+Silvia+Hansen%2C+Wolfgang+Lezius%2C+and+George+Smith%2E+2002%2E+The+TIGER+treebank%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+Workshop+on+Treebanks+and+Linguistic+Theories%2E)
3. Aoife Cahill. 2004. Parsing with Automatically Acquired, Wide-Coverage, Robust, Probabilistic LFG Approximations. Ph.D. thesis, Dublin City University. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Aoife+Cahill%2E+2004%2E+Parsing+with+Automatically+Acquired%2C+Wide%2DCoverage%2C+Robust%2C+Probabilistic+LFG+Approximations%2E+Ph%2ED%2E+thesis%2C+Dublin+City+University%2E)
4. Eugene Charniak. 1996. Tree-bank Grammars. In Proceedings of the AAAI-96. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Eugene+Charniak%2E+1996%2E+Tree%2Dbank+Grammars%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+AAAI%2D96%2E)
5. John Chen and Vijay K. Shanker. 2004. Automated extraction of TAGs from the Penn Treebank. New developments in parsing technology. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=John+Chen+and+Vijay+K%2E+Shanker%2E+2004%2E+Automated+extraction+of+TAGs+from+the+Penn+Treebank%2E+New+developments+in+parsing+technology%2E)
6. David Chiang. 2000. Statistical Parsing with an Automatically-Extracted Tree Adjoining Grammar. In Proceedings ACL, volume 38. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=David+Chiang%2E+2000%2E+Statistical+Parsing+with+an+Automatically%2DExtracted+Tree+Adjoining+Grammar%2E+In+Proceedings+ACL%2C+volume+38%2E)
7. Vera Demberg and Frank Keller. 2008. A Psycholinguistically Motivated Version of TAG. In Proceedings of TAG+9. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Vera+Demberg+and+Frank+Keller%2E+2008%2E+A+Psycholinguistically+Motivated+Version+of+TAG%2E+In+Proceedings+of+TAG%2B9%2E)
8. Vera Demberg-Winterfors. 2010. A Broad-Coverage Model of Prediction in Human Sentence Processing. Ph.D. thesis, University of Edinburgh. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Vera+Demberg%2DWinterfors%2E+2010%2E+A+Broad%2DCoverage+Model+of+Prediction+in+Human+Sentence+Processing%2E+Ph%2ED%2E+thesis%2C+University+of+Edinburgh%2E)
9. Amit Dubey. 2005. Statistical Parsing for German: Modeling syntactic properties and annotation differences. Ph.D. thesis, Universität des Saarlandes. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Amit+Dubey%2E+2005%2E+Statistical+Parsing+for+German%3A+Modeling+syntactic+properties+and+annotation+differences%2E+Ph%2ED%2E+thesis%2C+Universita%CC%88t+des+Saarlandes%2E)
10. Anette Frank. 2001. Treebank Conversion. Converting the NEGRA treebank to an LTAG grammar. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Multi-layer Corpus-based Analysis. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Anette+Frank%2E+2001%2E+Treebank+Conversion%2E+Converting+the+NEGRA+treebank+to+an+LTAG+grammar%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+Workshop+on+Multi%2Dlayer+Corpus%2Dbased+Analysis%2E)
11. Aravind K. Joshi, Leon S. Levy, and Masako Takahashi. 1975. Tree adjunct grammars. Journal of computer and system sciences, 10(1):136–163. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Aravind+K%2E+Joshi%2C+Leon+S%2E+Levy%2C+and+Masako+Takahashi%2E+1975%2E+Tree+adjunct+grammars%2E+Journal+of+computer+and+system+sciences%2C+10%281%29%3A136%E2%80%93163%2E)
12. Miriam Kaeshammer. 2012. A German Treebank and Lexicon for Tree-Adjoining Grammars. Master’s thesis, Saarland University. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Miriam+Kaeshammer%2E+2012%2E+A+German+Treebank+and+Lexicon+for+Tree%2DAdjoining+Grammars%2E+Master%E2%80%99s+thesis%2C+Saarland+University%2E)
13. Yuki Kamide, Christoph Scheepers, and Gerry T. M. Altmann. 2003. Integration of syntactic and semantic information in predictive processing: Cross-linguistic evidence from German and English. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 32. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Yuki+Kamide%2C+Christoph+Scheepers%2C+and+Gerry+T%2E+M%2E+Altmann%2E+2003%2E+Integration+of+syntactic+and+semantic+information+in+predictive+processing%3A+Cross%2Dlinguistic+evidence+from+German+and+English%2E+Journal+)
14. Lars Konieczny. 2000. Locality and parsing complexity. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 29(6). [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Lars+Konieczny%2E+2000%2E+Locality+and+parsing+complexity%2E+Journal+of+Psycholinguistic+Research%2C+29%286%29%2E)
15. Vincenzo Lombardo and Patrick Sturt. 2002. Incrementality and Lexicalism. In Lexical Representations in Sentence Processing. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Vincenzo+Lombardo+and+Patrick+Sturt%2E+2002%2E+Incrementality+and+Lexicalism%2E+In+Lexical+Representations+in+Sentence+Processing%2E)
16. David M. Magerman. 1994. Natural Language Parsing as Statistical Pattern Recognition. Ph.D. thesis, Stanford University. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=David+M%2E+Magerman%2E+1994%2E+Natural+Language+Parsing+as+Statistical+Pattern+Recognition%2E+Ph%2ED%2E+thesis%2C+Stanford+University%2E)
17. Wolfgang Maier. 2010. Direct Parsing of Discontinuous Constituents in German. In Proceedings of the NAACL HLT 2010 First Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically-Rich Languages. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Wolfgang+Maier%2E+2010%2E+Direct+Parsing+of+Discontinuous+Constituents+in+German%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+NAACL+HLT+2010+First+Workshop+on+Statistical+Parsing+of+Morphologically%2DRich+Languages%2E)
18. Mitchell P. Marcus, Mary A. Marcinkiewicz, and Beatrice Santorini. 1993. Building a large annotated corpus of English: The Penn Treebank. Computational linguistics, 19(2). [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Mitchell+P%2E+Marcus%2C+Mary+A%2E+Marcinkiewicz%2C+and+Beatrice+Santorini%2E+1993%2E+Building+a+large+annotated+corpus+of+English%3A+The+Penn+Treebank%2E+Computational+linguistics%2C+19%282%29%2E) [our card](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/bank-1993-marcus-building-large-annotated-corpus-english/)
19. Günter Neumann. 2003. A Uniform Method for Automatically Extracting Stochastic Lexicalized Tree Grammars from Treebanks and HPSG. Treebanks: Building and Using Parsed Corpora. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Gu%CC%88nter+Neumann%2E+2003%2E+A+Uniform+Method+for+Automatically+Extracting+Stochastic+Lexicalized+Tree+Grammars+from+Treebanks+and+HPSG%2E+Treebanks%3A+Building+and+Using+Parsed+Corpora%2E)
20. Martha Palmer, Dan Gildea, and Paul Kingsbury. 2005. The proposition bank: An annotated corpus of semantic roles. Computational Linguistics, 31(1). [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Martha+Palmer%2C+Dan+Gildea%2C+and+Paul+Kingsbury%2E+2005%2E+The+proposition+bank%3A+An+annotated+corpus+of+semantic+roles%2E+Computational+Linguistics%2C+31%281%29%2E) [our card](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/palmer-2005-proposition-bank-annotated-corpus-semantic/)
21. Wojciech Skut, Brigitte Krenn, Thorsten Brants, and Hans Uszkoreit. 1997. An Annotation Scheme for Free Word Order Languages. In Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Wojciech+Skut%2C+Brigitte+Krenn%2C+Thorsten+Brants%2C+and+Hans+Uszkoreit%2E+1997%2E+An+Annotation+Scheme+for+Free+Word+Order+Languages%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+Fifth+Conference+on+Applied+Natural+Language+Process)
22. Adrian Staub and Charles Clifton. 2006. Syntactic prediction in language comprehension: Evidence from either . . . or. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 32. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Adrian+Staub+and+Charles+Clifton%2E+2006%2E+Syntactic+prediction+in+language+comprehension%3A+Evidence+from+either+%2E+%2E+%2E+or%2E+Journal+of+Experimental+Psychology%3A+Learning%2C+Memory%2C+and+Cognition%2C+32%2E)
23. Patrick Sturt and Vincenzo Lombardo. 2005. Processing coordinate structures: Incrementality and connectedness. Cognitive Science, 29. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Patrick+Sturt+and+Vincenzo+Lombardo%2E+2005%2E+Processing+coordinate+structures%3A+Incrementality+and+connectedness%2E+Cognitive+Science%2C+29%2E)
24. Patrizia Tabossi, Rachele Fanari, and Kinou Wolf. 2005. Spoken idiom recognition: Meaning retrieval and word expectancy. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 34. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Patrizia+Tabossi%2C+Rachele+Fanari%2C+and+Kinou+Wolf%2E+2005%2E+Spoken+idiom+recognition%3A+Meaning+retrieval+and+word+expectancy%2E+Journal+of+Psycholinguistic+Research%2C+34%2E)
25. Michael K. Tanenhaus, Michael J. Spivey-Knowlton, Kathleen M. Eberhard, and Julie C. Sedivy. 1995. Integration of visual and linguistic information in spoken language comprehension. Science, 268. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Michael+K%2E+Tanenhaus%2C+Michael+J%2E+Spivey%2DKnowlton%2C+Kathleen+M%2E+Eberhard%2C+and+Julie+C%2E+Sedivy%2E+1995%2E+Integration+of+visual+and+linguistic+information+in+spoken+language+comprehension%2E+Science%2C+268%2E)
26. David Vadas and James R. Curran. 2007. Adding Noun Phrase Structure to the Penn Treebank. In Proceedings ACL, volume 45. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=David+Vadas+and+James+R%2E+Curran%2E+2007%2E+Adding+Noun+Phrase+Structure+to+the+Penn+Treebank%2E+In+Proceedings+ACL%2C+volume+45%2E) [our card](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/bank-2007-vadas-adding-noun-phrase-structure-penn/)
27. Jos J. A. van Berkum, Colin M. Brown, and Peter Hagoort. 1999. Early referential context effects in sentence processing: Evidence from event-related brain potentials. Journal of Memory and Language, 41. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Jos+J%2E+A%2E+van+Berkum%2C+Colin+M%2E+Brown%2C+and+Peter+Hagoort%2E+1999%2E+Early+referential+context+effects+in+sentence+processing%3A+Evidence+from+event%2Drelated+brain+potentials%2E+Journal+of+Memory+and+Language%2C+4)
28. Fei Xia, Martha Palmer, and Aravind Joshi. 2000. A Uniform Method of Grammar Extraction and its Applications. In Proceedings of the 2000 Joint SIGDAT conference on EMNLP/VLC. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Fei+Xia%2C+Martha+Palmer%2C+and+Aravind+Joshi%2E+2000%2E+A+Uniform+Method+of+Grammar+Extraction+and+its+Applications%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+2000+Joint+SIGDAT+conference+on+EMNLP%2FVLC%2E)
29. Fei Xia. 2001. Automatic Grammar Generation From Two Different Perspectives. Ph.D. thesis, University of Pennsylvania. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Fei+Xia%2E+2001%2E+Automatic+Grammar+Generation+From+Two+Different+Perspectives%2E+Ph%2ED%2E+thesis%2C+University+of+Pennsylvania%2E)
30. XTAG Research Group. 2001. A lexicalized tree adjoining grammar for english. Technical Report IRCS-01-03, IRCS, University of Pennsylvania. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=XTAG+Research+Group%2E+2001%2E+A+lexicalized+tree+adjoining+grammar+for+english%2E+Technical+Report+IRCS%2D01%2D03%2C+IRCS%2C+University+of+Pennsylvania%2E) [our card](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/group-1998-lexicalized-tree-adjoining-grammar-english/)