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# Restoring Arabic vowels through omission-tolerant dictionary lookup

**Authors:** [Alexis Amid Neme](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/alexis-amid-neme/); Sébastien Paumier · **Year:** 2019 · **Venue:** arXiv:1905.04051 **Link:** [arxiv.org/abs/1905.04051](https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.04051) · library `langstream-2019-neme-restoring-arabic-vowels-through-omission` · **Licence:** [arXiv — non-exclusive license to distribute](https://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/license.html) — summary only (readonly)

[**15** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2951533198) openalex · 2026-10-18[**2** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/langstream-2019-neme-restoring-arabic-vowels-through-omission/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[arXiv:1905.04051](https://openalex.org/S4306424877)[licence](http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-019-09464-6)
- [PDF](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.04051)
- [DOI 10.1007/s10579-019-09464-6](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-019-09464-6)
- [arXiv 1905.04051](https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.04051)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2951533198)

**Authors (2)**

1. [Alexis Amid Neme](https://openalex.org/A5085997243) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8044-2068) · h 5 · 148 citations · 18 works
2. [Sebastien Paumier](https://openalex.org/A5001084487) h 7 · 184 citations · 44 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex (2026-10-18); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

Arabic is written mostly without its short vowels and other diacritics (about 3% of words carry any), so a word form can stand for several vocalised words. The authors build Arabic-Unitex, a lexical resource: a hand-built lexicon of about 76,000 fully vowelised lemmas, inflected by finite-state transducers into about 6 million forms, with grammars for clitic agglutination. They write two dozen typographic rules that describe which vowels may be omitted, and use them for an omission-tolerant lookup that returns every fully vowelised candidate for a written form. The lookup runs at about 5,000 words per second, and the resource is said to cover more than 99% of words in popular newspapers. The same rules give a spell checker that flags a misplaced vowel. The paper also proposes a pattern-and-root view of Semitic morphology, in which patterns take precedence over roots.

## Ideas

- I1. Omission-tolerant lookup for the unpointed mode of `tools/hbo`: index each fully pointed form under its consonantal key, and for an input keep the candidates whose written points are a subset of the candidate's points. Measure the candidate count per unpointed word on MACULA forms.
- I2. Pattern-first inflection: keep a lemma-level lexicon with its pattern class and generate forms from pattern tables, instead of storing every form. Test it as a coverage check against the forms in `macula dict` (lemmas only, no roots yet).
- I3. A coverage measure for the Hebrew lexicon: the share of running-text word forms that get at least one candidate, reported per book, so that gaps show where the lexicon is thin.

## For Mova

I1 goes into `tools/hbo` (unpointed mode) and is described in [1. Script and pointing](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/hbo/01-script/) as the lookup rule for points that are optional in the text. I2 is a candidate for [The Noun, the Adjective and the Numeral](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/hbo/04-noun/) and [The verb](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/hbo/06-verb/), tested against `macula dict`. I3 is a measurement for [The lexicon](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/hbo/10-lexicon/).

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.1007/s10579-019-09464-6](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-019-09464-6) · [arXiv 1905.04051](https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.04051)

```
@misc{neme2019restoring,
  title = {{Restoring Arabic vowels through omission-tolerant dictionary lookup}},
  author = {Neme, Alexis Amid and Paumier, Sebastien},
  year = {2019},
  doi = {10.1007/s10579-019-09464-6},
  eprint = {1905.04051},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-019-09464-6}
}
```

- [← previous Fixing the Infix: Unsupervised Discovery of Root-and-Pattern Morphology](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/langstream-2017-sakakini-fixing-infix-unsupervised-discovery-root/)
- [next → An Arabic Dependency Treebank in the Travel Domain](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/langstream-2019-taji-arabic-dependency-treebank-travel-domain/)
- [↑ back to Semitic languages](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/sem/)

## References

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