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# An Arabic Dependency Treebank in the Travel Domain

**Authors:** [Dima Taji](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/dima-taji/); [Jamila El Gizuli](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/jamila-el-gizuli/); [Nizar Habash](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/nizar-habash/) · **Year:** 2019 · **Venue:** arXiv:1901.10188 **Link:** [arxiv.org/abs/1901.10188](https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.10188) · library `langstream-2019-taji-arabic-dependency-treebank-travel-domain` · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) (arXiv)

[**9** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2913723759) openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14[**10** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/langstream-2019-taji-arabic-dependency-treebank-travel-domain/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[arXiv:1901.10188](https://openalex.org/S4306400194)[licence](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.10188)
- [PDF](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1901.10188)
- [arXiv 1901.10188](https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.10188)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2913723759)

**Authors (3)**

1. [Dima Taji](https://openalex.org/A5015963007) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1707-1329) · h 9 · 691 citations · 28 works
2. [Jamila El Gizuli](https://openalex.org/A5042865054) h 1 · 10 citations · 2 works
3. [Nizar Habash](https://openalex.org/A5084517393) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1831-3457) · h 56 · 11854 citations · 359 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex-snapshot (2026-10-14); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

The authors build a small dependency treebank of Modern Standard Arabic from the travel-phrase corpus BTEC, in the Columbia Arabic Treebank (CATiB) style, so that it can be compared with the news-based Penn Arabic Treebank. The corpus is 2,000 sentences, mostly short conversational lines; the annotation is a parser's output corrected by one annotator, and a second annotator checked 100 sentences. Inter-annotator agreement is 98.7% on POS, 96.1% on labels and 89.7% on labelled attachment. The sentences differ from the news genre: over 40% are questions, against at most 2.6% in the news part, and the most frequent words are question words and first- and second-person forms. The CamelParser, trained on news, drops from 83.8% to 73.5% LAS when run on this treebank, which the authors read as a genre effect.

## Ideas

- I1. A genre-split test for `gparse`: keep a conversational Modern Hebrew slice as a held-out set, and report LAS and UAS per genre, so that a drop like the 83.8 to 73.5 gap is measured, not guessed.
- I2. Question sentences as their own stratum: interrogative words (how much, where, whether) head the copular clause, as the paper's "where" example does. Count how often the current `prag` question frames fail on such heads.
- I3. Interjections such as "thanks" or "sorry" are independent sentences attached to the main root. Adopt the same rule for interjection-only turns in the register chapter, and test it on a conversational slice.

## For Mova

I1 is a test for `treebanks/he/` and `gparse`, recorded in [7. Syntax](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/he/07-syntax/). I2 applies to question handling in `prag`, with the Hebrew question forms in [7. Syntax](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/he/07-syntax/). I3 goes into [8. Lexicon and register](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/he/08-lexicon-register/). The agreement figures are a model for the inter-annotator check in `treebanks/he/`.

Topics: [Treebanks](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/topics/treebanks/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [arXiv 1901.10188](https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.10188)

```
@misc{taji2019arabic,
  title = {{An Arabic Dependency Treebank in the Travel Domain}},
  author = {Taji, Dima and Gizuli, Jamila El and Habash, Nizar},
  year = {2019},
  eprint = {1901.10188},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.10188}
}
```

- [← previous Restoring Arabic vowels through omission-tolerant dictionary lookup](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/langstream-2019-neme-restoring-arabic-vowels-through-omission/)
- [next → Restoration of Fragmentary Babylonian Texts Using Recurrent Neural Networks](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/langstream-2020-fetaya-restoration-fragmentary-babylonian-texts-using/)
- [↑ back to Semitic languages](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/sem/)

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