[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/levine-2026-gumbridge-corpus-varieties-bridging-anaphora/)

[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [docs](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/) / [papers](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/) / [English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/en/) / GUMBridge: A Corpus for Varieties of Bridging Anaphora

# GUMBridge: A Corpus for Varieties of Bridging Anaphora

**Authors:** [Lauren Levine](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/lauren-levine/), [Amir Zeldes](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/amir-zeldes/) · **Year:** 2026 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the Fifteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC 2026) **Link:** [aclanthology.org/2026.lrec-1.543](https://aclanthology.org/2026.lrec-1.543/) · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) (ELRA, LREC proceedings) — summary only; evaluation only for the data

[**0** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W7160047413) openalex · 2026-10-18[**3** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/levine-2026-gumbridge-corpus-varieties-bridging-anaphora/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[Proceedings of the Fifteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/2026.lrec-1/)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2026.lrec-1.543/)
- [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2026.lrec-1.543.pdf)
- [DOI 10.63317/3sf73k63vuww](https://doi.org/10.63317/3sf73k63vuww)
- [arXiv 2512.07134](https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.07134)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W7160047413)

**Authors (2)**

1. [Lauren Levine](https://openalex.org/A5153421126) h 0 · 0 citations · 12 works
2. [Amir Zeldes](https://openalex.org/A5089212858) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8016-6753) · h 17 · 1555 citations · 240 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex (2026-10-18); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

GUMBridge is a new English corpus of referential bridging anaphora. It is built on the GUM corpus and covers 24 genres, written and spoken. Bridging is defined with information status: an entity is accessible on first mention because of a relation to an earlier, non-identical entity. Each bridging instance gets one or more subtypes from a schema of 11 (ENTITY, COMPARISON, SET and OTHER), and multiple subtypes are allowed. The authors report 19.6 instances per 1k tokens, more bridging instances than the ARRAU sub-corpora combined, and more than four times the instances of ISNotes and BASHI together. They also give a baseline with three open and closed LLMs on three tasks: anaphor recognition, antecedent selection and subtype classification. The best anaphor recognition F1 is 0.40. The authors conclude that bridging stays hard even for current LLMs. The limits they state are English only, and a baseline with one run per model.

## Ideas

- I1. Evaluate Mova's bridging on the same three tasks, reported separately, with a random-antecedent negative control. A Mova result that does not beat the control is not a result.
- I2. Use the multi-subtype labels as a test for Mova's frames: a bridging pair should get the same subtype list from the world, not from a single rule.
- I3. Measure Mova's recall per genre, since the paper shows that spoken and written genres differ strongly in density. Use the density as a check that a rule is not tuned to one genre.
- I4. Use an LLM only as an offline teacher to propose disputed labels, never at test time, and keep every proposed label behind a check of Mova's own rules.

## For Mova

The chapter is [35. Reference and coreference](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/35-reference-and-coreference/). The code is `coref/src/mention.rs`, `coref/src/sieve.rs` and the frames in `prag`. The measures are F1 for anaphor recognition and accuracy for antecedent selection, against the random control, by genre. The data are NC-licensed, so use them for evaluation only.

Topics: [Coreference resolution](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/topics/coreference-resolution/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.63317/3sf73k63vuww](https://doi.org/10.63317/3sf73k63vuww) · [arXiv 2512.07134](https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.07134)

```
@inproceedings{levine2026gumbridge,
  title = {{GUMBridge: A Corpus for Varieties of Bridging Anaphora}},
  author = {Levine, Lauren and Zeldes, Amir},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fifteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.63317/3sf73k63vuww},
  eprint = {2512.07134},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.63317/3sf73k63vuww}
}
```

- [← previous Subjectivity in the Annotation of Bridging Anaphora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/levine-2025-subjectivity-annotation-bridging-anaphora/)
- [next → What's in a Bridge?: A Descriptive, Multi-Genre Analysis of the GUMBridge Corpus for Varieties of Bridging Anaphora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/levine-2026-what-s-bridge-descriptive-multi/)
- [↑ back to English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/en/)

## References

35 references, 8 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

1. Nicholas Asher and Alex Lascarides. 1998. Bridging. Journal of Semantics, 15(1):83–113. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Nicholas+Asher+and+Alex+Lascarides%2E+1998%2E+Bridging%2E+Journal+of+Semantics%2C+15%281%29%3A83%E2%80%93113%2E)
2. Stefan Baumann and Arndt Riester. 2012. Referential and lexical givenness: Semantic, prosodic and cognitive aspects. Prosody and meaning, 25:119–162. [↗](https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110261790.119)
3. Herbert H. Clark. 1975. Bridging. In Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Herbert+H%2E+Clark%2E+1975%2E+Bridging%2E+In+Theoretical+Issues+in+Natural+Language+Processing%2E)
4. Biaoyan Fang, Timothy Baldwin, and Karin Verspoor. 2022. What does it take to bake a cake? the RecipeRef corpus and anaphora resolution in procedural text. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2022, pages 3481–3495, Dublin, Ireland. Association for Computational Linguistics. [↗](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.findings-acl.275)
5. John A. Hawkins. 1978. Definiteness and indefiniteness: A study in reference and grammaticality prediction. Journal of Linguistics, 27:405–442. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=John+A%2E+Hawkins%2E+1978%2E+Definiteness+and+indefiniteness%3A+A+study+in+reference+and+grammaticality+prediction%2E+Journal+of+Linguistics%2C+27%3A405%E2%80%93442%2E)
6. Yufang Hou. 2020. Bridging anaphora resolution as question answering. In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 1428–1438, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. [↗](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.132) [our card](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hou-2020-bridging-anaphora-resolution-as-question/)
7. Sopan Khosla, Juntao Yu, Ramesh Manuvinakurike, Vincent Ng, Massimo Poesio, Michael Strube, and Carolyn Rosé. 2021. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Sopan+Khosla%2C+Juntao+Yu%2C+Ramesh+Manuvinakurike%2C+Vincent+Ng%2C+Massimo+Poesio%2C+Michael+Strube%2C+and+Carolyn+Ros%C3%A9%2E+2021%2E)
8. The CODI-CRAC 2021 shared task on anaphora, bridging, and discourse deixis in dialogue. In Proceedings of the CODI-CRAC 2021 Shared Task on Anaphora, Bridging, and Discourse Deixis in Dialogue, pages 1–15, Punta Cana, Dominican Republic. Association for Computational Linguistics. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=The+CODI%2DCRAC+2021+shared+task+on+anaphora%2C+bridging%2C+and+discourse+deixis+in+dialogue%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+CODI%2DCRAC+2021+Shared+Task+on+Anaphora%2C+Bridging%2C+and+Discourse+Deixis+in+Dialogue%2C+pages+) [our card](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/khosla-2021-codi-crac-2021-shared-task/)
9. Hideo Kobayashi, Yufang Hou, and Vincent Ng. 2023. PairSpanBERT: An enhanced language model for bridging resolution. In Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), pages 6931–6946, Toronto, Canada. Association for Computational Linguistics. [↗](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.acl-long.383)
10. Hideo Kobayashi and Vincent Ng. 2020. Bridging resolution: A survey of the state of the art. In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, pages 3708–3721, Barcelona, Spain (Online). International Committee on Computational Linguistics. [↗](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.coling-main.331)
11. Lauren Levine and Amir Zeldes. 2024. Unifying the scope of bridging anaphora types in English: Bridging annotations in ARRAU and GUM. In Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Computational Models of Reference, Anaphora and Coreference, pages 41–51, Miami. Association for Computational Linguistics. [↗](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.crac-1.5) [our card](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/levine-2024-unifying-scope-bridging-anaphora-types/)
12. Lauren Levine and Amir Zeldes. 2025. Subjectivity in the annotation of bridging anaphora. In Proceedings of the 19th Linguistic Annotation Workshop (LAW-XIX-2025), pages 48–59, Vienna, Austria. Association for Computational Linguistics. [↗](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.law-1.4) [our card](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/levine-2025-subjectivity-annotation-bridging-anaphora/)
13. Jessica Lin and Amir Zeldes. 2021. WikiGUM: Exhaustive entity linking for wikification in 12 genres. In Proceedings of the Joint 15th Linguistic Annotation Workshop (LAW) and 3rd Designing Meaning Representations (DMR) Workshop, pages 170–175, Punta Cana, Dominican Republic. Association for Computational Linguistics. [↗](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.law-1.18)
14. Malvina Nissim, Shipra Dingare, Jean Carletta, and Mark Steedman. 2004. An annotation scheme for information status in dialogue. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC’04), Lisbon, Portugal. European Language Resources Association (ELRA). [↗](https://doi.org/10.63317/5e8ipnwca99c)
15. Maciej Ogrodniczuk and Magdalena Zawisławska. 2016. Bridging relations in Polish: Adaptation of existing typologies. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Coreference Resolution Beyond OntoNotes (CORBON 2016), pages 16–22, San Diego, California. Association for Computational Linguistics. [↗](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w16-0703)
16. Ellen F. Prince. 1981. Toward a taxonomy of given-new information. Radical pragmatics, pages 223– 255. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ellen+F%2E+Prince%2E+1981%2E+Toward+a+taxonomy+of+given%2Dnew+information%2E+Radical+pragmatics%2C+pages+223%E2%80%93+255%2E)
17. Ina Roesiger, Arndt Riester, and Jonas Kuhn. 2018. Bridging resolution: Task definition, corpus resources and rule-based experiments. In Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, pages 3516–3528, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA. Association for Computational Linguistics. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ina+Roesiger%2C+Arndt+Riester%2C+and+Jonas+Kuhn%2E+2018%2E+Bridging+resolution%3A+Task+definition%2C+corpus+resources+and+rule%2Dbased+experiments%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+27th+International+Conference+on+Computation) [our card](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/roesiger-2018-bridging-resolution-task-definition-corpus/)
18. Ina Rösiger. 2018. BASHI: A corpus of Wall Street Journal articles annotated with bridging links. In Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018), Miyazaki, Japan. European Language Resources Association (ELRA). [↗](https://doi.org/10.63317/4zt9i5mar6pv)
19. Juntao Yu, Sopan Khosla, Ramesh Manuvinakurike, Lori Levin, Vincent Ng, Massimo Poesio, Michael Strube, and Carolyn Rosé. 2022. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Juntao+Yu%2C+Sopan+Khosla%2C+Ramesh+Manuvinakurike%2C+Lori+Levin%2C+Vincent+Ng%2C+Massimo+Poesio%2C+Michael+Strube%2C+and+Carolyn+Ros%C3%A9%2E+2022%2E)
20. The CODI-CRAC 2022 shared task on anaphora, bridging, and discourse deixis in dialogue. In Proceedings of the CODI-CRAC 2022 Shared Task on Anaphora, Bridging, and Discourse Deixis in Dialogue, pages 1–14, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea. Association for Computational Linguistics. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=The+CODI%2DCRAC+2022+shared+task+on+anaphora%2C+bridging%2C+and+discourse+deixis+in+dialogue%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+CODI%2DCRAC+2022+Shared+Task+on+Anaphora%2C+Bridging%2C+and+Discourse+Deixis+in+Dialogue%2C+pages+) [our card](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/yu-2022-codi-crac-2022-shared-task/)
21. Amir Zeldes. 2022. Can we fix the scope for coreference? problems and solutions for benchmarks beyond OntoNotes. Dialogue & Discourse, 13(1):41–62. [↗](https://doi.org/10.5210/dad.2022.102) [our card](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/zeldes-2022-opinion-piece-can-we-fix/)
22. Amir Zeldes. 2024. Entity and Information Status Annotation. GUM Annotation Wiki. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Amir+Zeldes%2E+2024%2E+Entity+and+Information+Status+Annotation%2E+GUM+Annotation+Wiki%2E)
23. Shuo Zhang and Amir Zeldes. 2017. GitDOX: A linked version controlled online XML editor for manuscript transcription. In Proceedings of the Thirtieth International Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Society Conference (FLAIRS 2017), pages 619–623. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Shuo+Zhang+and+Amir+Zeldes%2E+2017%2E+GitDOX%3A+A+linked+version+controlled+online+XML+editor+for+manuscript+transcription%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+Thirtieth+International+Florida+Artificial+Intelligence+Rese)
24. Yilun Zhu, Sameer Pradhan, and Amir Zeldes. 2021. OntoGUM: Evaluating contextualized SOTA coreference resolution on 12 more genres. In Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers), pages 461–467, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. [↗](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.acl-short.59)
25. Language Resource References Aoyama, Tatsuya and Behzad, Shabnam and Gessler, Luke and Levine, Lauren and Lin, Jessica and Liu, Yang Janet and Peng, Siyao and Zhu, Yilun and Zeldes, Amir. 2023. GENTLE: A Genre-Diverse Multilayer Challenge Set for English NLP and Linguistic Evaluation. Association for Computational Linguistics. [↗](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.law-1.17) [our card](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/treebanks-2023-aoyama-gentle-genre-diverse-multilayer-challenge/)
26. Eckart, Kerstin and Riester, Arndt and Schweitzer, Katrin. 2012. A Discourse Information Radio News Database for Linguistic Analysis. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. [↗](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28249-2_7)
27. Markert, Katja and Hou, Yufang and Strube, Michael. 2012. Collective Classification for Fine-grained Information Status. Association for Computational Linguistics. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Markert%2C+Katja+and+Hou%2C+Yufang+and+Strube%2C+Michael%2E+2012%2E+Collective+Classification+for+Fine%2Dgrained+Information+Status%2E+Association+for+Computational+Linguistics%2E)
28. Nedoluzhko, Anna and Mírovský, Jiří and Pajas, Petr. 2009. The Coding Scheme for Annotating Extended Nominal Coreference and Bridging Anaphora in the Prague Dependency Treebank. Association for Computational Linguistics, ISLRN 942-053-729-014-3. [↗](https://doi.org/10.3115/1698381.1698398)
29. Ogrodniczuk, Maciej and Zawisławska, Magdalena. 2016. Bridging Relations in Polish: Adaptation of Existing Typologies. Association for Computational Linguistics. [↗](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w16-0703)
30. Poesio, Massimo and Artstein, Ron. 2008. Anaphoric Annotation in the ARRAU Corpus. European Language Resources Association (ELRA), ISLRN 462-157-606-044-8. [↗](https://doi.org/10.63317/2s5fn4tnkxk5)
31. Rösiger, Ina. 2018. BASHI: A Corpus of Wall Street Journal Articles Annotated with Bridging Links. European Language Resources Association (ELRA). [↗](https://doi.org/10.63317/4zt9i5mar6pv)
32. Schweitzer, Katrin and Eckart, Kerstin and Gärtner, Markus and Falenska, Agnieszka and Riester, Arndt and Rösiger, Ina and Schweitzer, Antje and Stehwien, Sabrina and Kuhn, Jonas. 2018. German Radio Interviews: The GRAIN Release of the SFB732 Silver Standard Collection. European Language Resources Association (ELRA). [↗](https://doi.org/10.63317/5iio37a8q3nx)
33. Olga Uryupina and Ron Artstein and Antonella Bristot and Federica Cavicchio and Francesca Delogu and Kepa Joseba Rodríguez and Massimo Poesio. 2019. Annotating a broad range of anaphoric phenomena, in a variety of genres: the ARRAU Corpus. [↗](https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324919000056)
34. Ralph Weischedel and Sameer Pradhan and Lance Ramshaw and Jeff Kaufman and Michelle Franchini and Mohammed El-Bachouti and Nianwen Xue and Martha Palmer and Jena D. Hwang and Claire Bonial and Jinho Choi and Aous Mansouri and Maha Foster and Abdel-aati Hawwary and Mitchell Marcus and Ann Taylor and Craig Greenberg and Eduard Hovy and Robert Belvin and Ann Houston. 2012. OntoNotes Release 5.0. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ralph+Weischedel+and+Sameer+Pradhan+and+Lance+Ramshaw+and+Jeff+Kaufman+and+Michelle+Franchini+and+Mohammed+El%2DBachouti+and+Nianwen+Xue+and+Martha+Palmer+and+Jena+D%2E+Hwang+and+Claire+Bonial+and+Jinho+C)
35. Amir Zeldes. 2017. The GUM Corpus: Creating Multilayer Resources in the Classroom. ISLRN 421-566-418-865-2. [↗](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-016-9343-x)