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# Creating Linked Data Morphological Language Resources with MMoOn - The Hebrew Morpheme Inventory

**Authors:** Bettina Klimek; Natanael Arndt; Sebastian Krause; Timotheus Arndt · **Year:** 2016 · **Venue:** Proceedings of LREC 2016 (Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation) **Link:** [aclanthology.org/L16-1143](https://aclanthology.org/L16-1143/) · library `lingbulk-2016-klimek-creating-linked-data-morphological-language` · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) — summary only

[**3** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/lingbulk-2016-klimek-creating-linked-data-morphological-language/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'16)](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/L16-1/)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/L16-1143/)
- [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/L16-1143.pdf)

**Authors (4)**

1. Bettina Klimek
2. Natanael Arndt
3. Sebastian Krause
4. Timotheus Arndt

Citations and author metrics from OpenAlex (); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

The authors build a Linked Data (RDF) model for morphemes, the Multilingual Morpheme Ontology (MMoOn), and fill it with a Hebrew inventory. The source is a hand-made vocabulary table of about 52,000 entries; after syntactic cleaning, about 11,600 carry morphological information. Hebrew roots (1,795 in total) and transfix patterns are kept as separate resources, so a word-form is a root combined with a pattern. Verb forms for the first seven Barkali binyan groups are generated from roots by script, giving 98,824 word-forms for 1,568 lexemes. The paper reports the size of the result and the 1,848 links to BabelNet lexical entries; it gives no evaluation of the generated forms.

## Ideas

- I1. Keep root, transfix pattern and word-form as separate tables in the Torah dictionary. `macula dict` has lemmas and Strong's numbers but no roots yet; a root column would make the lemma-to-root lookup deterministic.
- I2. Generate candidate verb forms from a root and a binyan table, then measure how many of them occur in the MACULA text. This is a measure of coverage, which the paper does not give.
- I3. The cleaning rules (drop rows with invalid syntax, several entries in one column, or no word class) are a validator for any lexicon import Mova makes, such as the Wiktionary-derived tables.

## For Mova

I1 goes into `tools/macula` (dictionary) and [The lexicon](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/hbo/10-lexicon/). I2 is a test for [The verb](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/hbo/06-verb/) (weak and strong binyan paradigms). I3 is a check in the `tools/wikt-*` import. The licence is NC: the inventory is for reading and measurement only, and nothing from it is built into a release.

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```
@inproceedings{klimek2016creating,
  title = {{Creating Linked Data Morphological Language Resources with MMoOn - The Hebrew Morpheme Inventory}},
  author = {Klimek, Bettina and Arndt, Natanael and Krause, Sebastian and Arndt, Timotheus},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'16)},
  year = {2016},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/L16-1143/}
}
```

- [← previous A Hebrew Tree Bank Based on Cantillation Marks](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/lingbulk-2006-wu-hebrew-tree-bank-based-cantillation/)
- [next → Graph convolutional networks for exploring authorship hypotheses](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/lingbulk-2019-lippincott-graph-convolutional-networks-exploring-authorship/)
- [↑ back to Ancient Hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/hbo/)

## References

19 references, 1 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

1. Barkali, S. (1962). Luax HaP’alim HaShalem (the complete verbs table). Reuven Mass, Jerusalem. In Hebrew. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Barkali%2C+S%2E+%281962%29%2E+Luax+HaP%E2%80%99alim+HaShalem+%28the+complete+verbs+table%29%2E+Reuven+Mass%2C+Jerusalem%2E+In+Hebrew%2E)
2. Beermann, D. and Mihaylov, P. (2014). Typecraft collaborative databasing and resource sharing for linguists. Language Resources and Evaluation, 48(2). [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Beermann%2C+D%2E+and+Mihaylov%2C+P%2E+%282014%29%2E+Typecraft+collaborative+databasing+and+resource+sharing+for+linguists%2E+Language+Resources+and+Evaluation%2C+48%282%29%2E)
3. Berners-Lee, T. (2009). Linked Data. Design issues, W3C, June. [http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/Linked](http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/Linked) Data.html. [↗](http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/Linked)
4. Chiarcos, C., Hellmann, S., and Nordhoff, S. (2012). Linked Data in Linguistics. Representing Language Data and Metadata. Springer. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Chiarcos%2C+C%2E%2C+Hellmann%2C+S%2E%2C+and+Nordhoff%2C+S%2E+%282012%29%2E+Linked+Data+in+Linguistics%2E+Representing+Language+Data+and+Metadata%2E+Springer%2E)
5. Chiarcos, C. (2008). An ontology of linguistic annotations. LDV Forum, pages 1–136. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Chiarcos%2C+C%2E+%282008%29%2E+An+ontology+of+linguistic+annotations%2E+LDV+Forum%2C+pages+1%E2%80%93136%2E)
6. Cimiano, P., McCrae, J., Buitelaar, P., and Stintek, M. (2011). Lexinfo: A declarative model for the lexicon-ontology interface. Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web, pages 29–51. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Cimiano%2C+P%2E%2C+McCrae%2C+J%2E%2C+Buitelaar%2C+P%2E%2C+and+Stintek%2C+M%2E+%282011%29%2E+Lexinfo%3A+A+declarative+model+for+the+lexicon%2Dontology+interface%2E+Web+Semantics%3A+Science%2C+Services+and+Agents+on+the+World+Wide+Web%2C+page)
7. Creutz, M. and Lagus, K. (2005a). Inducing the morphological lexicon of a natural language from unannotated text. Proceedings of the International and Interdisciplinary Conference on Adaptive Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (AKRR’05), 1:106–113. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Creutz%2C+M%2E+and+Lagus%2C+K%2E+%282005a%29%2E+Inducing+the+morphological+lexicon+of+a+natural+language+from+unannotated+text%2E+Proceedings+of+the+International+and+Interdisciplinary+Conference+on+Adaptive+Knowledg)
8. Creutz, M. and Lagus, K. (2005b). Unsupervised morpheme segmentation and morphology induction from text corpora using morfessor 1.0. Helsinki University of Technology. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Creutz%2C+M%2E+and+Lagus%2C+K%2E+%282005b%29%2E+Unsupervised+morpheme+segmentation+and+morphology+induction+from+text+corpora+using+morfessor+1%2E0%2E+Helsinki+University+of+Technology%2E)
9. Even-Shoshan, A. e. a. (2003). Even Shoshan Dictionary. Jerusalem: Qiryat-Sefer Publishing.(Hebrew). [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Even%2DShoshan%2C+A%2E+e%2E+a%2E+%282003%29%2E+Even+Shoshan+Dictionary%2E+Jerusalem%3A+Qiryat%2DSefer+Publishing%2E%28Hebrew%29%2E)
10. Farrar, S. and Langendoen, D. T. (2010). An owl-dl implementation of gold. Linguistic Modeling of Information and Markup Languages, pages 45–66. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Farrar%2C+S%2E+and+Langendoen%2C+D%2E+T%2E+%282010%29%2E+An+owl%2Ddl+implementation+of+gold%2E+Linguistic+Modeling+of+Information+and+Markup+Languages%2C+pages+45%E2%80%9366%2E)
11. Itai, A. and Wintner, S. (2008). Language resources for hebrew. Language Resources and Evaluation, 42(1):75– 98. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Itai%2C+A%2E+and+Wintner%2C+S%2E+%282008%29%2E+Language+resources+for+hebrew%2E+Language+Resources+and+Evaluation%2C+42%281%29%3A75%E2%80%93+98%2E)
12. Lehmann, C. (2004). Data in linguistics. The Linguistic Review, 21:175–210. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Lehmann%2C+C%2E+%282004%29%2E+Data+in+linguistics%2E+The+Linguistic+Review%2C+21%3A175%E2%80%93210%2E)
13. McCarthy, J. J. (1981). A prosodic theory of nonconcatenative morphology. Linguistic inquiry, pages 373–418. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=McCarthy%2C+J%2E+J%2E+%281981%29%2E+A+prosodic+theory+of+nonconcatenative+morphology%2E+Linguistic+inquiry%2C+pages+373%E2%80%93418%2E)
14. McCrae, J., Spohr, D., and Cimiano, P. (2011). Linking lexical resources and ontologies on the semantic web with lemon. The semantic web: research and applications, pages 245–259. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=McCrae%2C+J%2E%2C+Spohr%2C+D%2E%2C+and+Cimiano%2C+P%2E+%282011%29%2E+Linking+lexical+resources+and+ontologies+on+the+semantic+web+with+lemon%2E+The+semantic+web%3A+research+and+applications%2C+pages+245%E2%80%93259%2E)
15. Navigli, R. and Ponzetto, S. P. (2012). BabelNet: The automatic construction, evaluation and application of a wide-coverage multilingual semantic network. Artificial Intelligence, 193:217–250. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Navigli%2C+R%2E+and+Ponzetto%2C+S%2E+P%2E+%282012%29%2E+BabelNet%3A+The+automatic+construction%2C+evaluation+and+application+of+a+wide%2Dcoverage+multilingual+semantic+network%2E+Artificial+Intelligence%2C+193%3A217%E2%80%93250%2E)
16. Sagot, B. (2010). The lefff, a freely available and large-coverage morphological and syntactic lexicon for french. 7th international conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC). [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Sagot%2C+B%2E+%282010%29%2E+The+lefff%2C+a+freely+available+and+large%2Dcoverage+morphological+and+syntactic+lexicon+for+french%2E+7th+international+conference+on+Language+Resources+and+Evaluation+%28LREC%29%2E)
17. Sérasset, G. (2012). Dbnary: Wiktionary as a lemon-based multilingual lexical resource in rdf. Semantic Web Journal-Special issue on Multilingual Linked Open Data. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=S%C3%A9rasset%2C+G%2E+%282012%29%2E+Dbnary%3A+Wiktionary+as+a+lemon%2Dbased+multilingual+lexical+resource+in+rdf%2E+Semantic+Web+Journal%2DSpecial+issue+on+Multilingual+Linked+Open+Data%2E)
18. Yona, S. and Wintner, S. (2008). A finite-state morphological grammar of hebrew. Natural Language Engineering, 14:173–190, 4. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Yona%2C+S%2E+and+Wintner%2C+S%2E+%282008%29%2E+A+finite%2Dstate+morphological+grammar+of+hebrew%2E+Natural+Language+Engineering%2C+14%3A173%E2%80%93190%2C+4%2E) [our card](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2005-yona-finite-state-morphological-grammar-hebrew/)
19. Zielinski, A. and Simon, C. (2009). Morphisto – an open source morphological analyzer for German. Proceedings of the 2009 conference on Finite-State Methods and Natural Language Processing: Post-proceedings of the 7th International Workshop FSMNLP 2008. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Zielinski%2C+A%2E+and+Simon%2C+C%2E+%282009%29%2E+Morphisto+%E2%80%93+an+open+source+morphological+analyzer+for+German%2E+Proceedings+of+the+2009+conference+on+Finite%2DState+Methods+and+Natural+Language+Processing%3A+Post%2Dproce)