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# The head the construct: Construct state nominals as a novel window to syntactic movement difficulties in hearing impairment

**Authors:** [Naama Friedmann](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/naama-friedmann/); Ronit Szterman; [Adriana Belletti](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/adriana-belletti/); [Luigi Rizzi](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/luigi-rizzi/) · **Year:** 2018 · **Venue:** Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 3(1) **Link:** [glossa-journal.org/article/id/5102](https://www.glossa-journal.org/article/id/5102/) · library `lingbulk-2018-friedmann-head-construct-construct-state-nominals` · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

[**3** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2978453763) openalex · 2026-10-19[Glossa: a journal of general linguistics](https://openalex.org/S4210226983)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.674)
- [PDF](https://www.glossa-journal.org/article/5102/galley/12281/download)
- [DOI 10.5334/gjgl.674](https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.674)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2978453763)

**Authors (4)**

1. [Naama Friedmann](https://openalex.org/A5081371538) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7108-3072) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/7609622) · h 47 · 7163 citations · 208 works
2. [Ronit Szterman](https://openalex.org/A5035986855) [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/5095937) · h 6 · 191 citations · 12 works
3. [Adriana Belletti](https://openalex.org/A5081854836) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1117-0721) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/35695540) · h 40 · 8591 citations · 188 works
4. [Luigi Rizzi](https://openalex.org/A5018252982) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4877-9861) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/38178200) · h 54 · 23344 citations · 177 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex (2026-10-19); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

The authors test a syntactic claim about Hebrew Construct State nominals (CSN): the head noun moves to the determiner position (N-to-D), so no determiner can stand before the head. They read this as a diagnostic. In a study of 32 hearing-impaired children (aged 9;1–12;2) and 18 hearing controls, the children read aloud 63 CSNs in ten paragraphs (831 words). The impaired children added a definite determiner before the head in 72 cases (71 of them in definite CSNs); the controls almost never did (mean 0.2%). Fourteen of the 32 children read the head in its Free form, against one of 18 controls (44% vs 6%, χ² = 8, p = .005). The twelve children with clear CSN errors were also impaired on V-to-C movement and object A-bar dependencies. The paper supports a movement analysis of CSN and reports a deficit in N-to-D movement.

## Ideas

- I1. A rule for the CSN head: a noun in its Construct form (for example -at, -ey, or the bare construct) followed by a complement with ha- is a CSN head, and a ha- before that head is a violation to flag. Lexicalised compounds (beged-yam, 'swimsuit') are listed in the lexicon so that they are not treated as CSNs; the paper notes that native speakers do this.
- I2. Use the paper's condition types as a test set for the head and determiner check: bare head; prefix me- or še- before ha-; and the fused prepositions b- and l-, which hide the determiner in unpointed spelling. The fused case is the hard one, and the test shows whether the segmenter can see the difference.
- I3. Count Construct-form heads as a measure of the CSN reading: the share of heads read in the Free form is the signal the paper uses. A Mova check can report the same kind of count on a text, with the reasons written out.

## For Mova

I1 goes into [7. Syntax](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/he/07-syntax/) (CSN and possessive structures) and the lexicon note in [8. Lexicon and register](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/he/08-lexicon-register/). I2 is a test set for the unpointed-text handling in [2. Script and spelling](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/he/02-script-and-spelling/). I3 is a measurement to run over a Modern Hebrew text once the reader exists.

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.5334/gjgl.674](https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.674)

```
@article{friedmann2018head,
  title = {{The head the construct: Construct state nominals as a novel window to syntactic movement difficulties in hearing impairment}},
  author = {Friedmann, Naama and Szterman, Ronit and Belletti, Adriana and Rizzi, Luigi},
  journal = {Glossa: a journal of general linguistics},
  year = {2018},
  doi = {10.5334/gjgl.674},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.674}
}
```

- [← previous Exponence, allomorphy and haplology in the number and State morphology of Modern Hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/lingbulk-2018-faust-exponence-allomorphy-haplology-number-state/)
- [next → Missing objects in Hebrew: Argument ellipsis, not VP ellipsis](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/lingbulk-2018-landau-missing-objects-hebrew-argument-ellipsis/)
- [↑ back to Modern Hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/he/)

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38. How to cite this article: Friedmann, Naama, Ronit Szterman, Adriana Belletti and Luigi Rizzi. 2018. The head the construct: Construct state nominals as a novel window to syntactic movement difficulties in hearing impairment. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 3(1): 134. 1–15, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.674 [↗](https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.674) [our card](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/lingbulk-2018-friedmann-head-construct-construct-state-nominals/)
39. Accepted: 29 September 2018 [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Accepted%3A+29+September+2018)
40. Published: 14 December 2018 [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Published%3A+14+December+2018)
41. Copyright: © 2018 The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Glossa: a journal of general linguistics is a peer-reviewed open access journal published by Ubiquity Press. OPEN ACCESS [↗](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)