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# Approximation derived from a scalar exclusive particle associating with covert focus: The case of Hebrew *be-sax ha-kol*

**Authors:** Dina Orenstein; Yael Greenberg · **Year:** 2021 · **Venue:** Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 6(1): 5 **Link:** [glossa-journal.org/article/id/5385](https://www.glossa-journal.org/article/id/5385/) · library `lingbulk-2021-orenstein-approximation-derived-scalar-exclusive-particle` · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

[**3** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3122501086) openalex · 2026-10-18[Glossa: a journal of general linguistics](https://openalex.org/S4210226983)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.1036)
- [PDF](https://www.glossa-journal.org/article/5385/galley/11031/download)
- [DOI 10.5334/gjgl.1036](https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.1036)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W3122501086)

**Authors (2)**

1. [Dina Orenstein](https://openalex.org/A5067726646) h 1 · 4 citations · 2 works
2. [Yael Greenberg](https://openalex.org/A5026719034) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6604-6114) · h 10 · 348 citations · 107 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex (2026-10-18); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

The Hebrew particle *be-sax ha-kol* ("in sum the all") has two readings: an exclusive one ("only, just", as with *rak*) and an approximative one ("more or less") when it attaches to a gradable predicate such as "clean". The authors argue that both readings come from one scalar exclusive. The difference is in the focus associate: the exclusive reading associates with overt, prosodically marked material, while the approximative reading associates with a covert *pos* degree modifier, giving "x is pos A, but not maximally A". The approximative reading is shown to need an upper-bound scale with a non-maximal standard, and the at-issue status of its two components is reversed compared with *only*. Diagnostics (a "That's false" test) show that the particle patterns with *around* and *more or less* and not with *almost*. The paper is theoretical and built on introspective and attested examples; it gives no counts.

## Ideas

- I1. A two-reading rule in the particle lexicon: *be-sax ha-kol* + a gradable predicate with an upper-bound scale gives the approximative reading (covert *pos* as focus associate); with an overt focused phrase it gives the exclusive reading. Test it on the paper's examples as gold.
- I2. Use the "That's false, actually ..." contrast (Amaral & del Prete style, the paper's (7)–(10)) as a small set of test items for the approximator class: *around*, *more or less* accept it, *almost* rejects it.
- I3. Store the at-issue status of the two components per particle (exclusive vs approximative reading), so that `prag` can report which component is asserted and which is presupposed.

## For Mova

I1 goes into [Prepositions, prefixes, conjunctions and particles](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/he/06-prepositions-particles/) (the particle entry) and needs the gradable-predicate test in `prag`. I2 is a test set for [9. Pragmatics and politeness](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/he/09-pragmatics-politeness/) and the approximator class in `prag`. I3 is a field of the particle's entry in the same chapter.

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.5334/gjgl.1036](https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.1036)

```
@article{orenstein2021approximation,
  title = {{Approximation derived from a scalar exclusive particle associating with covert focus: The case of Hebrew be-sax ha-kol}},
  author = {Orenstein, Dina and Greenberg, Yael},
  journal = {Glossa: a journal of general linguistics},
  year = {2021},
  doi = {10.5334/gjgl.1036},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.1036}
}
```

- [← previous Differential Object Marking in Modern Hebrew: Definiteness and partitivity](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/lingbulk-2021-hacohen-differential-object-marking-modern-hebrew/)
- [next → Hebrew nominals do not require functional structure above the NP](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/lingbulk-2022-bruening-hebrew-nominals-do-not-require/)
- [↑ back to Modern Hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/he/)

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55. TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Orenstein, Dina and Yael Greenberg. 2021. Approximation derived from a scalar exclusive particle associating with covert focus: The case of Hebrew be-sax ha-kol. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 6(1): 5. 1–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/ gjgl.1036 [↗](https://doi.org/10.5334/)
56. Submitted: 14 July 2019 Accepted: 06 August 2020 Published: 19 January 2021 [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Submitted%3A+14+July+2019+Accepted%3A+06+August+2020+Published%3A+19+January+2021)
57. COPYRIGHT: © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See [http://creativecommons.org/](http://creativecommons.org/) licenses/by/4.0/. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics is a peer-reviewed open access journal published by Ubiquity Press. [↗](http://creativecommons.org/)