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# Camel Treebank: An Open Multi-genre Arabic Dependency Treebank

**Authors:** [Nizar Habash](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/nizar-habash/); [Muhammed AbuOdeh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/muhammed-abuodeh/); [Dima Taji](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/dima-taji/); [Reem Faraj](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/reem-faraj/); [Jamila El Gizuli](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/jamila-el-gizuli/); Omar Kallas · **Year:** 2022 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the Thirteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC 2022), pp. 2672–2681 **Link:** [aclanthology.org/2022.lrec-1.286](https://aclanthology.org/2022.lrec-1.286/) · library `lingbulk-2022-habash-camel-treebank-open-multi-genre` · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) — summary only

[**16** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/lingbulk-2022-habash-camel-treebank-open-multi-genre/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[Proceedings of the Thirteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/2022.lrec-1/)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2022.lrec-1.286/)
- [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2022.lrec-1.286.pdf)

**Authors (6)**

1. Nizar Habash
2. Muhammed AbuOdeh
3. Dima Taji
4. Reem Faraj
5. Jamila El Gizuli
6. Omar Kallas

Citations and author metrics from OpenAlex (); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

Camel Treebank 1.0 is an open dependency treebank of about 188k words (about 242k tokens) of Modern Standard and Classical Arabic, in the Columbia Arabic Treebank (CATiB) style. It has 13 sub-corpora, from pre-Islamic odes and the Quran through novels and news to student essays and online comments, chosen so that the texts are out of copyright or openly licensed. Tokenisation, tagging and first parsing are automatic (CamelTools, then the MaltParser model of CamelParser), and four trained annotators correct them in the PALMYRA tool. The authors also align gold and predicted tokens by character-level edit distance, so that inserted and deleted tokens can be scored. Before manual correction, the parser's labelled attachment score averages 69.1% and ranges from 56.1% (Odes) to 79.7% (WikiNews). The paper also notes how often elided tokens occur, about 24 in 242k tokens, mostly in poetry.

## Ideas

- I1. Score per genre, not on average: the spread from 56 to 80 labelled attachment points across genres is larger than most differences between parsers. For Mova's parser evaluation, report the score per sub-corpus and per genre, and treat a drop in one genre as a failure even when the mean rises.
- I2. Token-aligned scoring when the tokenisation differs: align the gold and predicted tokens by edit distance, count inserted and deleted tokens as null tokens, and score POS and arcs only on aligned tokens. This suits the Hebrew segmenter in `tools/hbo`, whose splits differ from gold splits in the MACULA and PTNK trees.
- I3. Verse and sentence boundaries as hard rules: segment on sentence-final marks, merge or split only by written guidelines, never split inside a dependent clause, and keep verse boundaries in scripture (the paper keeps Quran, Bible and poetry lines whole). For raw Biblical and Mishnaic text in `tools/langseg` and `tools/hbo`, a verse is a boundary the segmenter must not cross.
- I4. Explicit empty tokens for ellipsis: allow an empty node, marked with a star, when a verb or noun is elided, instead of re-attaching its children to the parent. The paper's need for this comes from poetic texts, which is also the case for Biblical poetry in `treebanks/hbo/ptnk`.

## For Mova

I1 is an evaluation rule for `treebanks/ar` and for every treebank Mova scores. I2 belongs in `tools/hbo` (scoring the segmenter against gold splits). I3 goes into `tools/langseg` and `tools/hbo` for raw scripture. I4 is a convention for `treebanks/hbo/ptnk` in poetic books. Camel Treebank itself is not carried into any release (licence: summary only).

Topics: [Treebanks](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/topics/treebanks/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```
@inproceedings{habash2022camel,
  title = {{Camel Treebank: An Open Multi-genre Arabic Dependency Treebank}},
  author = {Habash, Nizar and AbuOdeh, Muhammed and Taji, Dima and Faraj, Reem and Gizuli, Jamila El and Kallas, Omar},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Thirteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference},
  year = {2022},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/2022.lrec-1.286/}
}
```

- [← previous False resultatives: The interaction of agreement and creation in Northern Galilee Levantine Arabic](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/lingbulk-2021-rapoport-false-resultatives-interaction-agreement-creation/)
- [next → Morphotactic Modeling in an Open-source Multi-dialectal Arabic Morphological Analyzer and Generator](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/lingbulk-2022-habash-morphotactic-modeling-open-source-multi/)
- [↑ back to Semitic languages](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/sem/)

## References

47 references, 11 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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