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# The Stanford Typed Dependencies Representation

**Authors:** [Marie-Catherine de Marneffe](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/marie-catherine-de-marneffe/), [Christopher D. Manning](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/christopher-d-manning/) · **Year:** 2008 · **Venue:** Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Cross-Framework and Cross-Domain Parser Evaluation **Link:** [aclanthology.org/W08-1301](https://aclanthology.org/W08-1301/) (ACL Anthology W08-1301) **License of the paper:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/) (ACL Anthology, pre-2016) — [creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

[**225** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/marneffe-2008-stanford-typed-dependencies-representation/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Cross-Framework and Cross-Domain Parser Evaluation](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/W08-13/)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/W08-1301/)
- [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/W08-1301.pdf)

**Authors (2)**

1. Marie-Catherine de Marneffe
2. Christopher D. Manning

Citations and author metrics from OpenAlex (); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## Summary

The paper describes Stanford typed dependencies (SD), a dependency scheme designed to make parser output usable by people outside linguistics who need to extract relations from text. It states the design principles: every relation is a binary link between two words, relations should be meaningful and based on traditional grammar, content words should be linked rather than function words where possible, and labels form a hierarchy so that a more general label can be used when the specific one is unclear. SD is compared with the GR and PARC schemes on shared-task sentences; it distinguishes more relation types, makes content words heads (including in copular constructions), and in its collapsed form folds prepositions and coordination into direct links between content words. The authors argue that SD is a suitable gold standard for parser evaluation, closer to downstream needs than bracket-based scores. SD became a de facto standard and the basis of Universal Dependencies.

## How Mova uses it

- [xcomp has no subject of its own](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/en/seeds/errors/xcomp-no-subject/) — cited (via Mova's notes on English treebank history) for the observation that control was lost in older SD conversions, as background to the rule `en.errors.xcomp-no-subject` (an `xcomp` must not have its own subject; a clause with its own subject is `ccomp`).
- More generally, SD is the historical source of conventions that old converters and models still reproduce (e.g. `cc` on the first conjunct, labels like `dobj`, `nsubjpass`), which Mova's label registry rejects.

## Effectiveness in Mova

Background reading for one seed rule and for understanding legacy conventions. Not measured separately.

---

👨‍🔬💥

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```
@inproceedings{marneffe2008stanford,
  title = {{The Stanford Typed Dependencies Representation}},
  author = {Marneffe, Marie-Catherine de and Manning, Christopher D.},
  booktitle = {Coling 2008: Proceedings of the workshop on Cross-Framework and Cross-Domain Parser Evaluation},
  year = {2008},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/W08-1301/}
}
```

- [← previous Annotating Coordination in the Penn Treebank](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/maier-2012-annotating-coordination-penn-treebank/)
- [next → Assessing the Annotation Consistency of the Universal Dependencies Corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/marneffe-2017-assessing-annotation-consistency-universal-dependencies/)
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