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# Causation (and Some Other) Paraphrasing Patterns in L1 English. A Case Study

**Authors:** Jasmina Milićević · **Year:** 2021 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling, SyntaxFest 2021) **Link:** [aclanthology.org/2021.depling-1.9](https://aclanthology.org/2021.depling-1.9/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) (ACL Anthology)

[Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling, SyntaxFest 2021)](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/2021.depling-1/)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2021.depling-1.9/)
- [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2021.depling-1.9.pdf)

**Authors (1)**

1. Milićević, Jasmina

Citations and author metrics from OpenAlex (); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

The paper tests how far the existing Meaning-Text paraphrase rules cover real paraphrases. Eight native English speakers, students in a French course, wrote 80 paraphrases of one sentence, "John's comfortable income enables him to travel frequently". The sentence is built on a causation verb linking two facts (John has money; John travels). The paraphrases are sorted by clause structure (two clauses, coordinated or subordinated; one clause, with a causal noun or verb) and by the kind of variation: lexical (enables / allows / permits, travel / go on trips, often / frequently), propositional and communicative. Three kinds of link are found: lexical-syntactic equivalences, which the existing dependency-based rules with lexical functions cover (Oper1, S0, Magn, Syn); semantic equivalences by decomposition of "enable" into "cause" and "be able"; and semantic quasi-equivalences such as CAUSE to CONSEQUENCE, CONDITION or MEANS. Four of the five quasi-equivalences were already described; the CAUSE to CORROBORATION link was new, and a HABIT/FREQUENCY to EASE link was added for another sentence. The author concludes that most of the paraphrases can be generated by existing rules, and proposes rules for the rest. No quantitative evaluation of paraphrase competence is made.

## Ideas

- I1. Paraphrase set as a coverage test: write or collect 50 to 80 paraphrases of school sentences, and count how many the world's answer function (`world/src/qa.rs`) answers the same way. Report coverage per link type, as the paper does, and keep the failures as the next rules to write.
- I2. Lexical functions in `en/src/dict.rs`: a small table of named relations (light verb, intensifier, synonym) with the entries for travel, trip, often and frequently. The table yields variants by substitution, with a fixed order; the paper's counts show how fast the variants multiply, so the output must be capped and sorted.
- I3. Causal quasi-equivalences as rules in `prag`: a table that maps a causal statement to a consequence, condition, sufficiency or means statement, with a yes or no mark for whether the rule holds. Test "why" answers in the school world against all four forms, with the rule-free version as the negative control.
- I4. A new link test for the school lessons: the same sentence with a different connective ("therefore", "so", "because of") must give the same answer, and the connective must be read as a cause. Keep the list of connectives in [36. Discourse relations and coherence](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/36-discourse-relations/).

## For Mova

Paraphrase links for answers belong in `world/src/qa.rs` and `prag`. The collocation and lexical-function table fits `en/src/dict.rs` and [19. The lexicon: vocabulary, multiword expressions and register](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/19-lexicon-mwe-register/). Causal and connective relations belong in [36. Discourse relations and coherence](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/36-discourse-relations/), and the speech-act side of "why" questions in [31. Speech acts](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/31-speech-acts/). Measures: coverage per link type on a paraphrase set, the cap on generated variants, and answer agreement across the connective set, run twice for determinism.

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```
@inproceedings{milicevic2021causation,
  title = {{Causation (and Some Other) Paraphrasing Patterns in L1 English. A Case Study}},
  author = {Milićević, Jasmina},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling, SyntaxFest 2021)},
  year = {2021},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/2021.depling-1.9/}
}
```

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