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# Machine translation

Mova translates without a neural network at answer time: a recogniser of the language, a tree, frames, a world, then a meta-world shared by all languages and authors, and back down through the standard stack of the target language, with each author as a small delta over it. These cards cover the work this rests on: interlingua and transfer, tree-to-tree translation and synchronous grammars, rule-based systems, generation from trees and meaning, style and author transfer, Bible translation, and how translation is measured.

Each card names the ideas we take for the translator and what they did on the verse-aligned Bibles, where every block must come back byte for byte.

310 pages

**1**[2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/mtrans/page/2/)[3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/mtrans/page/3/)[4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/mtrans/page/4/)

- [abb-1996-abstraction-underspecification-semantic-transfer](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/abb-1996-abstraction-underspecification-semantic-transfer/) — Abstraction and underspecification in semantic transfer
- [abend-2013-universal-conceptual-cognitive-annotation-ucca](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/abend-2013-universal-conceptual-cognitive-annotation-ucca/) — Universal Conceptual Cognitive Annotation (UCCA)
- [abend-2020-cross-lingual-semantic-representation-nlp](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/abend-2020-cross-lingual-semantic-representation-nlp/) — Cross-lingual Semantic Representation for NLP with UCCA
- [abzianidze-2017-parallel-meaning-bank-multilingual-corpus](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/abzianidze-2017-parallel-meaning-bank-multilingual-corpus/) — The Parallel Meaning Bank: Towards a Multilingual Corpus of Translations Annotated with Compositional Meaning Representations
- [abzianidze-2019-first-shared-task-discourse-representation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/abzianidze-2019-first-shared-task-discourse-representation/) — The First Shared Task on Discourse Representation Structure Parsing
- [abzianidze-2020-drs-mrp-2020-dressing-up](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/abzianidze-2020-drs-mrp-2020-dressing-up/) — DRS at MRP 2020: Dressing up Discourse Representation Structures as Graphs
- [abzianidze-2020-parallel-meaning-bank-framework-semantically](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/abzianidze-2020-parallel-meaning-bank-framework-semantically/) — The Parallel Meaning Bank: A Framework for Semantically Annotating Multiple Languages
- [agnew-2023-mechanical-bard-interpretable-machine-learning](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/agnew-2023-mechanical-bard-interpretable-machine-learning/) — The Mechanical Bard: An Interpretable Machine Learning Approach to Shakespearean Sonnet Generation
- [akerman-2023-ebible-corpus-data-model-benchmarks](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/akerman-2023-ebible-corpus-data-model-benchmarks/) — The eBible Corpus: Data and Model Benchmarks for Bible Translation for Low-Resource Languages
- [alshawi-1991-translation-quasi-logical-form-transfer](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/alshawi-1991-translation-quasi-logical-form-transfer/) — Translation by Quasi Logical Form Transfer
- [amin-2025-exploiting-task-reversibility-drs-parsing](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/amin-2025-exploiting-task-reversibility-drs-parsing/) — Exploiting Task Reversibility of DRS Parsing and Generation: Challenges and Insights from a Multi-lingual Perspective
- [amrhein-2022-aces-translation-accuracy-challenge-sets](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/amrhein-2022-aces-translation-accuracy-challenge-sets/) — ACES: Translation Accuracy Challenge Sets for Evaluating Machine Translation Metrics
- [appelo-1986-compositional-approach-translation-temporal-expressions](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/appelo-1986-compositional-approach-translation-temporal-expressions/) — A Compositional Approach to the Translation of Temporal Expressions in the Rosetta System
- [arnold-1861-translating-homer-f-w](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/arnold-1861-translating-homer-f-w/) — On Translating Homer; with F. W. Newman's "Homeric Translation in Theory and Practice" and Arnold's "Last Words"
- [arnold-1988-relaxed-compositionality-machine-translation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/arnold-1988-relaxed-compositionality-machine-translation/) — 'Relaxed' compositionality in machine translation
- [arnold-1991-eurotra-assessment-current-state-ec](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/arnold-1991-eurotra-assessment-current-state-ec/) — EUROTRA: an assessment of the current state of the EC's MT programme
- [banarescu-2013-abstract-meaning-representation-sembanking](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/banarescu-2013-abstract-meaning-representation-sembanking/) — Abstract Meaning Representation for Sembanking
- [banerjee-2005-meteor-automatic-metric-mt-evaluation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/banerjee-2005-meteor-automatic-metric-mt-evaluation/) — METEOR: An Automatic Metric for MT Evaluation with Improved Correlation with Human Judgments
- [bannard-2005-paraphrasing-bilingual-parallel-corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/bannard-2005-paraphrasing-bilingual-parallel-corpora/) — Paraphrasing with Bilingual Parallel Corpora
- [barnett-1991-capturing-language-specific-semantic-distinctions](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/barnett-1991-capturing-language-specific-semantic-distinctions/) — Capturing Language-Specific Semantic Distinctions in Interlingua-based MT
- [barnett-1991-reversible-machine-translation-what-do](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/barnett-1991-reversible-machine-translation-what-do/) — Reversible Machine Translation: What to Do When the Languages Don't Line Up
- [barzilay-2001-extracting-paraphrases-parallel-corpus](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/barzilay-2001-extracting-paraphrases-parallel-corpus/) — Extracting Paraphrases from a Parallel Corpus
- [barzilay-2003-learning-paraphrase-unsupervised-approach-multiple](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/barzilay-2003-learning-paraphrase-unsupervised-approach-multiple/) — Learning to Paraphrase: An Unsupervised Approach Using Multiple-Sequence Alignment
- [basile-2011-generating-text-discourse-representation-structures](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/basile-2011-generating-text-discourse-representation-structures/) — Towards Generating Text from Discourse Representation Structures
- [beale-2005-document-authoring-bible-minority-language](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/beale-2005-document-authoring-bible-minority-language/) — Document Authoring the Bible for Minority Language Translation
- [beaven-1988-machine-translation-isomorphic-ucgs](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/beaven-1988-machine-translation-isomorphic-ucgs/) — Machine Translation Using Isomorphic UCGs
- [belz-2011-first-surface-realisation-shared-task](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/belz-2011-first-surface-realisation-shared-task/) — The First Surface Realisation Shared Task: Overview and Evaluation Results
- [benjamin-1923-die-aufgabe-des-ubersetzers](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/benjamin-1923-die-aufgabe-des-ubersetzers/) — Die Aufgabe des Übersetzers (The Task of the Translator)
- [bennett-1988-methodological-considerations-metal-project](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/bennett-1988-methodological-considerations-metal-project/) — Methodological considerations in the METAL project
- [benson-1739-letters-concerning-poetical-translations](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/benson-1739-letters-concerning-poetical-translations/) — Letters Concerning Poetical Translations, and Virgil's and Milton's Arts of Verse
- [berka-2012-automatic-mt-error-analysis-hjerson](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/berka-2012-automatic-mt-error-analysis-hjerson/) — Automatic MT Error Analysis: Hjerson Helping Addicter
- [bertos-2023-biblical-translation-do-different-strategies](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/bertos-2023-biblical-translation-do-different-strategies/) — Biblical translation: do different strategies produce divergent texts?
- [bick-2007-danish-as-cg-interlingua-wide](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/bick-2007-danish-as-cg-interlingua-wide/) — Using Danish as a CG Interlingua: A Wide-Coverage Norwegian-English Machine Translation System
- [birch-2016-hume-human-ucca-based-evaluation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/birch-2016-hume-human-ucca-based-evaluation/) — HUME: Human UCCA-Based Evaluation of Machine Translation
- [boguslavsky-2000-creating-universal-networking-language-module](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/boguslavsky-2000-creating-universal-networking-language-module/) — Creating a Universal Networking Language Module within an Advanced NLP System
- [bohnet-2010-broad-coverage-multilingual-deep-sentence](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/bohnet-2010-broad-coverage-multilingual-deep-sentence/) — Broad Coverage Multilingual Deep Sentence Generation with a Stochastic Multi-Level Realizer
- [bohnet-2012-generating-non-projective-word-order](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/bohnet-2012-generating-non-projective-word-order/) — Generating Non-Projective Word Order in Statistical Linearization
- [boitet-1982-implementation-conversational-environment-ariane-78](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/boitet-1982-implementation-conversational-environment-ariane-78/) — Implementation and Conversational Environment of ARIANE 78.4, An Integrated System for Automated Translation and Human Revision
- [bojar-2008-phrase-based-deep-syntactic-english](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/bojar-2008-phrase-based-deep-syntactic-english/) — Phrase-Based and Deep Syntactic English-to-Czech Statistical Machine Translation
- [bollmann-2011-rule-based-normalization-historical-texts](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/bollmann-2011-rule-based-normalization-historical-texts/) — Rule-Based Normalization of Historical Texts
- [bollmann-2019-large-scale-comparison-historical-text](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/bollmann-2019-large-scale-comparison-historical-text/) — A Large-Scale Comparison of Historical Text Normalization Systems
- [bond-2016-cili-collaborative-interlingual-index](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/bond-2016-cili-collaborative-interlingual-index/) — CILI: the Collaborative Interlingual Index
- [bonn-2023-mapping-amr-umr-resources-adapting](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/bonn-2023-mapping-amr-umr-resources-adapting/) — Mapping AMR to UMR: Resources for Adapting Existing Corpora for Cross-Lingual Compatibility
- [bonn-2023-umr-annotation-multiword-expressions](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/bonn-2023-umr-annotation-multiword-expressions/) — UMR Annotation of Multiword Expressions
- [bos-2016-squib-expressive-power-abstract-meaning](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/bos-2016-squib-expressive-power-abstract-meaning/) — Squib: Expressive Power of Abstract Meaning Representations
- [briakou-2021-evaluating-evaluation-metrics-style-transfer](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/briakou-2021-evaluating-evaluation-metrics-style-transfer/) — Evaluating the Evaluation Metrics for Style Transfer: A Case Study in Multilingual Formality Transfer
- [butler-2016-deterministic-natural-language-generation-meaning](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/butler-2016-deterministic-natural-language-generation-meaning/) — Deterministic natural language generation from meaning representations for machine translation
- [callaway-2005-types-distributions-errors-wide-coverage](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/callaway-2005-types-distributions-errors-wide-coverage/) — The Types and Distributions of Errors in a Wide Coverage Surface Realizer Evaluation
- [cao-2019-factorising-amr-generation-through-syntax](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cao-2019-factorising-amr-generation-through-syntax/) — Factorising AMR generation through syntax
- [carbonell-1992-kant-perspective-critique-pure-transfer](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/carbonell-1992-kant-perspective-critique-pure-transfer/) — The KANT perspective: a critique of pure transfer (and pure interlingua, pure statistics, .. )
- [carlson-1994-representing-text-meaning-multilingual-knowledge](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/carlson-1994-representing-text-meaning-multilingual-knowledge/) — Representing Text Meaning for Multilingual Knowledge-Based Machine Translation
- [carlson-2017-evaluating-prose-style-transfer-bible](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/carlson-2017-evaluating-prose-style-transfer-bible/) — Evaluating prose style transfer with the Bible
- [cartagena-2011-integrating-shallow-transfer-rules-into](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cartagena-2011-integrating-shallow-transfer-rules-into/) — Integrating shallow-transfer rules into phrase-based statistical machine translation
- [chen-2017-unsupervised-amr-dependency-parse-alignment](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/chen-2017-unsupervised-amr-dependency-parse-alignment/) — Unsupervised AMR-Dependency Parse Alignment
- [chiang-2005-hierarchical-phrase-based-model-statistical](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/chiang-2005-hierarchical-phrase-based-model-statistical/) — A Hierarchical Phrase-Based Model for Statistical Machine Translation
- [chiang-2007-hierarchical-phrase-based-translation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/chiang-2007-hierarchical-phrase-based-translation/) — Hierarchical Phrase-Based Translation
- [chiang-2010-learning-translate-source-target-syntax](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/chiang-2010-learning-translate-source-target-syntax/) — Learning to Translate with Source and Target Syntax
- [cmejrek-2003-czech-english-dependency-tree-based](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cmejrek-2003-czech-english-dependency-tree-based/) — Czech-English Dependency Tree-based Machine Translation
- [coleman-2024-llm-assisted-rule-based-machine](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/coleman-2024-llm-assisted-rule-based-machine/) — LLM-Assisted Rule Based Machine Translation for Low/No-Resource Languages
- [copestake-1995-translation-minimal-recursion-semantics](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/copestake-1995-translation-minimal-recursion-semantics/) — Translation using Minimal Recursion Semantics
- [cuscito-2024-bert-speaks-shakespearean-english-evaluating](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cuscito-2024-bert-speaks-shakespearean-english-evaluating/) — How BERT Speaks Shakespearean English? Evaluating Historical Bias in Contextual Language Models
- [czulo-2017-crossroads-between-contrastive-linguistics](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/czulo-2017-crossroads-between-contrastive-linguistics/) — Crossroads between contrastive linguistics, translation studies and machine translation: TC3-II
- [deng-2017-translation-divergences-chinese-english-machine](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/deng-2017-translation-divergences-chinese-english-machine/) — Translation Divergences in Chinese–English Machine Translation: An Empirical Investigation
- [diaz-2020-survey-qualitative-error-analysis-neural](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/diaz-2020-survey-qualitative-error-analysis-neural/) — A Survey of Qualitative Error Analysis for Neural Machine Translation Systems
- [ding-2005-machine-translation-probabilistic-synchronous-dependency](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/ding-2005-machine-translation-probabilistic-synchronous-dependency/) — Machine Translation Using Probabilistic Synchronous Dependency Insertion Grammars
- [domingo-2018-spelling-normalization-historical-documents-machine](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/domingo-2018-spelling-normalization-historical-documents-machine/) — Spelling Normalization of Historical Documents by Using a Machine Translation Approach
- [donatelli-2018-annotation-tense-aspect-semantics-sentential](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/donatelli-2018-annotation-tense-aspect-semantics-sentential/) — Annotation of Tense and Aspect Semantics for Sentential AMR
- [dorna-1998-syntactic-semantic-transfer-f-structures](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/dorna-1998-syntactic-semantic-transfer-f-structures/) — Syntactic and Semantic Transfer with F-Structures
- [dorr-1990-solving-thematic-divergences-machine-translation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/dorr-1990-solving-thematic-divergences-machine-translation/) — Solving Thematic Divergences in Machine Translation
- [dorr-1992-parameterization-interlingua-machine-translation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/dorr-1992-parameterization-interlingua-machine-translation/) — Parameterization of the Interlingua in Machine Translation
- [dorr-1994-machine-translation-divergences-formal-description](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/dorr-1994-machine-translation-divergences-formal-description/) — Machine Translation Divergences: A Formal Description and Proposed Solution
- [dorr-1997-compact-monotonically-compositional-interlingua-lexical](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/dorr-1997-compact-monotonically-compositional-interlingua-lexical/) — Toward compact monotonically compositional interlingua using lexical aspect
- [dryden-1900-essays-john-dryden](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/dryden-1900-essays-john-dryden/) — Essays of John Dryden (ed. W. P. Ker): the Preface to Ovid's Epistles (1680) and the Dedication of the Aeneis (1697)
- [dusek-2012-formemes-english-czech-deep-syntactic](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/dusek-2012-formemes-english-czech-deep-syntactic/) — Formemes in English-Czech Deep Syntactic MT
- [dymetman-1991-inherently-reversible-grammars-logic-programming](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/dymetman-1991-inherently-reversible-grammars-logic-programming/) — Inherently Reversible Grammars, Logic Programming and Computability
- [eder-2021-acquiring-formality-informed-lexical-resource](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/eder-2021-acquiring-formality-informed-lexical-resource/) — Acquiring a Formality-Informed Lexical Resource for Style Analysis
- [edmonds-1998-translating-near-synonyms-possibilities-preferences](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/edmonds-1998-translating-near-synonyms-possibilities-preferences/) — Translating near-synonyms: Possibilities and preferences in the interlingua
- [eisner-2003-learning-non-isomorphic-tree-mappings](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/eisner-2003-learning-non-isomorphic-tree-mappings/) — Learning Non-Isomorphic Tree Mappings for Machine Translation
- [elder-2019-designing-symbolic-intermediate-representation-neural](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/elder-2019-designing-symbolic-intermediate-representation-neural/) — Designing a Symbolic Intermediate Representation for Neural Surface Realization
- [elhadad-1996-overview-surge-reusable-comprehensive-syntactic](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/elhadad-1996-overview-surge-reusable-comprehensive-syntactic/) — An Overview of SURGE: a Reusable Comprehensive Syntactic Realization Component
- [farwell-1997-representing-language-specific-information-interlingua](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/farwell-1997-representing-language-specific-information-interlingua/) — On representing language-specific information in interlingua
- [ferreira-2017-linguistic-realisation-as-machine-translation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/ferreira-2017-linguistic-realisation-as-machine-translation/) — Linguistic realisation as machine translation: Comparing different MT models for AMR-to-text generation
- [fishel-2013-ranking-translations-error-analysis-quality](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/fishel-2013-ranking-translations-error-analysis-quality/) — Ranking Translations using Error Analysis and Quality Estimation
- [fisher-2024-styleremix-interpretable-authorship-obfuscation-distillation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/fisher-2024-styleremix-interpretable-authorship-obfuscation-distillation/) — StyleRemix: Interpretable Authorship Obfuscation via Distillation and Perturbation of Style Elements
- [flanigan-2016-generation-abstract-meaning-representation-tree](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/flanigan-2016-generation-abstract-meaning-representation-tree/) — Generation from Abstract Meaning Representation using Tree Transducers
- [flickinger-2005-sem-i-rational-mt-enriching](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/flickinger-2005-sem-i-rational-mt-enriching/) — SEM-I Rational MT: Enriching Deep Grammars with a Semantic Interface for Scalable Machine Translation
- [forcada-2009-apertium-machine-translation-platform-five](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/forcada-2009-apertium-machine-translation-platform-five/) — The Apertium machine translation platform: Five years on
- [forcada-2016-apertium-free-open-source-platform](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/forcada-2016-apertium-free-open-source-platform/) — Apertium: a free/open source platform for machine translation and basic language technology
- [freitag-2021-experts-errors-context-large-scale](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/freitag-2021-experts-errors-context-large-scale/) — Experts, Errors, and Context: A Large-Scale Study of Human Evaluation for Machine Translation
- [freitag-2022-results-wmt22-metrics-shared-task](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/freitag-2022-results-wmt22-metrics-shared-task/) — Results of WMT22 Metrics Shared Task: Stop Using BLEU – Neural Metrics Are Better and More Robust
- [galley-2004-what-s-translation-rule](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/galley-2004-what-s-translation-rule/) — What's in a translation rule?
- [galley-2006-scalable-inference-training-context-rich](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/galley-2006-scalable-inference-training-context-rich/) — Scalable Inference and Training of Context-Rich Syntactic Translation Models
- [gamba-2025-bootstrapping-umrs-universal-dependencies-scalable](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/gamba-2025-bootstrapping-umrs-universal-dependencies-scalable/) — Bootstrapping UMRs from Universal Dependencies for Scalable Multilingual Annotation
- [gamon-2002-machine-learned-contexts-linguistic-operations](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/gamon-2002-machine-learned-contexts-linguistic-operations/) — Machine-learned contexts for linguistic operations in German sentence realization
- [ganitkevitch-2013-ppdb-paraphrase-database](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/ganitkevitch-2013-ppdb-paraphrase-database/) — PPDB: The Paraphrase Database
- [gao-2026-modular-neural-machine-translation-semantic](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/gao-2026-modular-neural-machine-translation-semantic/) — Modular Neural Machine Translation with a Semantic Pivot - Pilot Study Using AMR
- [gardent-2017-webnlg-challenge-generating-text-rdf](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/gardent-2017-webnlg-challenge-generating-text-rdf/) — The WebNLG Challenge: Generating Text from RDF Data
- [gekhman-2020-kobe-knowledge-based-machine-translation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/gekhman-2020-kobe-knowledge-based-machine-translation/) — KoBE: Knowledge-Based Machine Translation Evaluation
- [gerstenberger-2025-rule-based-surface-realization-romanian](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/gerstenberger-2025-rule-based-surface-realization-romanian/) — Rule-based Surface Realization of Romanian Weak Pronouns
- [gimenez-2008-heterogeneous-automatic-mt-error-analysis](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/gimenez-2008-heterogeneous-automatic-mt-error-analysis/) — Towards Heterogeneous Automatic MT Error Analysis

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