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# Bridging resolution: Task definition, corpus resources and rule-based experiments

**Authors:** Ina Rösiger, [Arndt Riester](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/arndt-riester/), [Jonas Kuhn](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/jonas-kuhn/) · **Year:** 2018 · **Venue:** COLING 2018 **Link:** [aclanthology.org/C18-1298](https://aclanthology.org/C18-1298/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

[**23** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2835897745) openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14[**27** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/roesiger-2018-bridging-resolution-task-definition-corpus/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/C18-1/)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/C18-1298/)
- [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/C18-1298.pdf)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2835897745)

**Authors (3)**

1. [Ina Roesiger](https://openalex.org/A5011899085) h 7 · 125 citations · 12 works
2. [Arndt Riester](https://openalex.org/A5076648294) h 15 · 914 citations · 56 works
3. [Jonas Kuhn](https://openalex.org/A5101531241) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2860-5960) · h 22 · 1543 citations · 160 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex-snapshot (2026-10-14); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

Bridging anaphors are new referents that are interpreted through an earlier, non-identical one («The city is planning a new town hall and the construction will start next week» — the construction of the town hall). The paper re-implements the rule-based resolver of Hou et al. 2014 (eight rules applied in order of precision: building parts, relatives, heads of state of a country, job titles of an organisation, percentages, *one*/indefinite pronouns of a plural set, argument-taking nouns, and general semantic connectivity from *N prep N* counts in a large corpus) and adds a part–whole rule for unmodified *the N*. On ISNotes it reaches 50.0 precision, 12.8 recall for full resolution; filtering out anaphors already linked by coreference raises precision from 32 to 48–50 with predicted or gold coreference alike. On ARRAU it collapses (F1 0.3) and on scientific text too, which the authors trace to two different things called bridging: *referential* bridging (context-dependent, mostly short definites) and *lexical* bridging (any part–whole or subset relation between words, e.g. Europe – Spain, often not anaphoric at all). Subset and aggregation cases («a pug and a terrier … the dogs») are closer to coreference.

## Ideas

- I1. Add a bridging pass after coreference in `coref/src/sieve.rs`, with high-precision rules from the paper's list, only for mentions the sieves left unlinked and only for unmodified definites (*the N*): building part → the latest building (*house, castle, hut* … *the door, the roof, the window*), body part → the latest animate, relative noun (*husband, mother, son*) → the latest person, *one/another/the other* → the latest plural set. Output as a separate bridging link with its rule id (CorefUD has `Bridge=`; `coref resolve` now drops it). Measure on GUM dev bridging links (precision first) and whether removing these anaphors from the `exact`/`strict` sieves raises their precision (error type 2 «part versus whole» in [coref — SLM coreference: a sieve of rules with a reason for every link](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/coref/)).
- I2. Compute the paper's two corpus statistics from Mova's own parsed tales instead of GigaWord: semantic connectivity (count of *N1 of/in/on N2* pairs, e.g. *door of the house*) and the argument-taking ratio of a noun (share of its occurrences with an `nmod`/possessive). Both are deterministic counts, licence-clean if built from the commercial-licence corpora; store them as a small TSV and use them as the backstop rule.
- I3. Fill the implicit argument in frames: «He came to a house. The door was open.» → the door's frame gets `of=house`. Then «Where was the open door?» or «What was open?» can be answered with the house. Implement in `prag/src/frames.rs` (an `obls` entry `of=`), driven by the same rules; measure on course questions that ask about a part of an earlier object.
- I4. Keep referential and lexical bridging apart in Mova's docs and data: only referential bridging should create links; lexical part–whole between names (Senegal – Southern Senegal) is a reason to *block* coreference, which is how it helps the sieve.

## For Mova

[35. Reference and coreference](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/35-reference-and-coreference/) §3.2 (bridging) and §9 (the `coref` crate). Code: `coref/src/sieve.rs` (bridging pass, blocking), `coref/src/corefud.rs` (keep `Bridge` for scoring), `prag/src/frames.rs` (implicit `of=` argument). Measures: bridging precision on GUM dev, `exact`/`strict_a` precision, CoNLL F1 without singletons; GUM and ISNotes/ARRAU are for tests only.

Topics: [Coreference resolution](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/topics/coreference-resolution/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```
@inproceedings{roesiger2018bridging,
  title = {{Bridging resolution: Task definition, corpus resources and rule-based experiments}},
  author = {Roesiger, Ina and Riester, Arndt and Kuhn, Jonas},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2018},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/C18-1298/}
}
```

- [← previous SciCorp: A Corpus of English Scientific Articles Annotated for Information Status Analysis](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/roesiger-2016-scicorp-corpus-english-scientific-articles/)
- [next → A guide to the dataset explosion in QA, NLI, and commonsense reasoning](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/rogers-2020-guide-dataset-explosion-qa-nli/)
- [↑ back to English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/en/)

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