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# Disentangling Indirect Answers to Yes-No Questions in Real Conversations

**Authors:** Krishna C. Sanagavarapu, Jathin P. Singaraju, Anusha Kakileti, Anirudh Kaza, Aaron A. Mathews, Helen Li, Nathan R. Brito, [Eduardo Blanco](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/eduardo-blanco/) · **Year:** 2022 · **Venue:** NAACL 2022 **Link:** [aclanthology.org/2022.naacl-main.345](https://aclanthology.org/2022.naacl-main.345/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) (paper); SwDA-IA is built on Switchboard (LDC) — test use only

[**4** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4287854511) openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14[**7** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/sanagavarapu-2022-disentangling-indirect-answers-yes-no/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[Proceedings of the 2022 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/2022.naacl-main/)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2022.naacl-main.345/)
- [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2022.naacl-main.345.pdf)
- [DOI 10.18653/v1/2022.naacl-main.345](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.naacl-main.345)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4287854511)

**Authors (8)**

1. [Krishna Sanagavarapu](https://openalex.org/A5034882485) h 2 · 18 citations · 10 works
2. [Jathin Singaraju](https://openalex.org/A5092761913) h 3 · 107 citations · 6 works
3. [Anusha Kakileti](https://openalex.org/A5064134133) h 2 · 8 citations · 4 works
4. [Anirudh Kaza](https://openalex.org/A5058554927) h 2 · 92 citations · 5 works
5. [Aaron Mathews](https://openalex.org/A5000182280) h 2 · 8 citations · 2 works
6. [Helen Li](https://openalex.org/A5117396942) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3228-6544) · h 7 · 474 citations · 34 works
7. [Nathan Brito](https://openalex.org/A5054830068) h 2 · 8 citations · 2 works
8. [Eduardo Blanco](https://openalex.org/A5101756071) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5928-3437) · h 17 · 1178 citations · 117 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex-snapshot (2026-10-14); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

The authors take every yes/no question in the Switchboard Dialog Act corpus whose next turn is not a direct answer: 2,544 questions, which is 43.5% of all yes/no questions there (77% of conversations have one); 41% of the questions are themselves indirect, without a question mark («I don't know if you're familiar with that issue»). Annotators chose yes / probably yes / middle / probably no / no twice: once from the question and the next turn only, once with three turns before and after (weighted kappa 0.81 and 0.78). Context changes the label a lot: half of the «middle» labels become yes or probably yes, and some answers flip, because the decisive turn often comes later (the next turn helps 96% of the time, the asker's follow-up 21%). A question with negation reverses the labels («You didn't move to Alaska, right?» – «I've been in Alaska 13 years» = no). RoBERTa reaches only 0.46 F1 (majority 0.25); MNLI, BoolQ and the crowd-written Circa barely transfer to real talk, and feeding the whole context hurts unless only the annotator-chosen turns are given (0.49).

## Ideas

- I1. Read declarative questions as questions: «I don't know if…», «I wonder whether…», «I'm not sure if…» + clause, and a declarative with a tag («…, right?»). Add them as `ask` cues with `indirect=1` in `prag/data/cues.tsv`; in the frame reader treat the embedded clause as the questioned frame (`Ask::Frame`). Measure how many silver lines with these openings are labelled `ask` and how the perceptron does on them.
- I2. When a yes/no question is negated, flip the polarity of the answer before matching frames, as the annotation guideline does. This is a one-line rule wherever Mova answers yes/no questions from frames (course questions «Did the fox not see…?») and in the indirect-answer reader of `louis-2020-i-d-rather-just-go` I1; check it with a minimal pair test (positive vs negated question, same text).
- I3. Search for the answer beyond the next turn, ranked as the annotators' data suggests: the reply right after, then the asker's follow-up and the reply after it, rarely the turns before. For tales this is a window of about three quoted lines after the question for the functional-dependence link of `bunt-2020-iso-standard-dialogue-act-annotation` I1. Measure how often the linked reply is right on a hand-checked set of tale questions.
- I4. A filter of direct-answer words decides which replies are indirect (*yes, yeah, no way, nope, never, sure, right, you bet, of course, certainly, maybe, definitely, uh huh*). Reuse it as a closed list for the `agree`/`disagree` cue slots and for counting what share of replies to questions in the tales are indirect, which tells how much the frame-based reading of answers is needed.

## For Mova

[38. Dialogue, discourse markers and reported speech](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/38-dialogue-and-discourse-markers/) §9 (questions and answers), `26-questions.md` (declarative and tag questions), `27-negation.md` (negative questions). Code: `prag/data/cues.tsv`, `prag/src/frames.rs` (`Ask::Frame`, negated questions, answer link), `world/src/talk.rs`. Measures: per-cue precision on the silver, minimal-pair test for negated questions, accuracy of answer links on tale dialogues.

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.18653/v1/2022.naacl-main.345](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.naacl-main.345)

```
@inproceedings{sanagavarapu2022disentangling,
  title = {{Disentangling Indirect Answers to Yes-No Questions in Real Conversations}},
  author = {Sanagavarapu, Krishna and Singaraju, Jathin and Kakileti, Anusha and Kaza, Anirudh and Mathews, Aaron and Li, Helen and Brito, Nathan and Blanco, Eduardo},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2022 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies},
  year = {2022},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2022.naacl-main.345},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.naacl-main.345}
}
```

- [← previous Joint English Spelling Error Correction and POS Tagging for Language Learners Writing](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/sakaguchi-2012-joint-english-spelling-error-correction/)
- [next → Probability and implicatures: A unified account of the scalar effects of disjunction under modals](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/santorio-2017-probability-implicatures-unified-account-scalar/)
- [↑ back to English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/en/)

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