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# Exploring Compositional Architectures and Word Vector Representations for Prepositional Phrase Attachment

**Authors:** [Yonatan Belinkov](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/yonatan-belinkov/), [Tao Lei](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/tao-lei/), [Regina Barzilay](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/regina-barzilay/), Amir Globerson · **Year:** 2014 · **Venue:** Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics **Link:** [aclanthology.org/Q14-1043](https://aclanthology.org/Q14-1043/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

[**26** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2124012968) openalex · 2026-10-19[**19** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/tacl-2014-belinkov-exploring-compositional-architectures-word-vector/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/Q14-1/)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/Q14-1043/)
- [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/Q14-1043.pdf)
- [DOI 10.1162/tacl_a_00203](https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00203)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2124012968)

**Authors (4)**

1. [Yonatan Belinkov](https://openalex.org/A5051184573) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6280-5045) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/2083259) · h 45 · 8439 citations · 273 works
2. [Tao Lei](https://openalex.org/A5100707254) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0900-1582) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/49986267) · h 26 · 3432 citations · 69 works
3. [Regina Barzilay](https://openalex.org/A5010124873) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2921-8201) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/1741283) · h 93 · 36278 citations · 422 works
4. [Amir Globerson](https://openalex.org/A5047817959) [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/1786843) · h 46 · 8001 citations · 246 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex (2026-10-19); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

PP attachment chooses which candidate head a prepositional phrase depends on. The paper scores each candidate by composing the word vectors of the head, the preposition and the child in a small neural network, trained on attachment decisions. The English data are the Penn Treebank converted to dependencies (sections 2-21 for training, section 23 for testing, 1,951 test instances); the Arabic data are CATiB. The best model, with syntactic vectors and relearning, reaches 88.7% on English and 82.6% on Arabic, above the RBG parser and the self-trained Charniak parser (80.8% on Arabic). Dependency-based vectors beat linear window vectors on English (87.1% against 85.4%), and in the parser the PP predictions lift UAS from 93.96 to 94.05.

## Ideas

- I1. `en/src/parse.rs`: a count-based analogue of the syntactic vectors. Count head-preposition-child triples from the `en` parses of raw text (dependency context, not a linear window), turn them into PMI scores, and use them as a feature in the PP choice. Measure on EWT PP attachments: linear-window counts against dependency counts, as in the paper's 85.4 against 87.1.
- I2. Distance buckets: the paper uses separate weights for heads 1 to 5 words from the preposition, clipped at 5. Add a weight table per distance bucket to the PP features and measure accuracy on EWT with and without it.
- I3. Candidate window check: the paper limits candidate heads to 10 words before the preposition, which covers about 94% of Arabic and 99% of English attachments. Count on EWT how many attachments fall outside such a window before dropping any candidate.
- I4. Use the 1,951-instance WSJ test set only as a test for Mova, never as training data, and compare with the paper's 88.7% only as a reference.

## For Mova

The chapter is [22. Phrases: noun, adjective, adverb and prepositional phrases](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/22-phrases/), and the code is `en/src/parse.rs`, where the candidate set and the arc choice live. Measure first the candidate window (I3), because it is cheap and decides the search space. The paper's English data is WSJ text under the Penn Treebank terms, so it is for tests only. The neural composition is not kept; only the transparent count-based analogue is a Mova idea.

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.1162/tacl_a_00203](https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00203)

```
@article{belinkov2014exploring,
  title = {{Exploring Compositional Architectures and Word Vector Representations for Prepositional Phrase Attachment}},
  author = {Belinkov, Yonatan and Lei, Tao and Barzilay, Regina and Globerson, Amir},
  journal = {Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2014},
  doi = {10.1162/tacl\_a\_00203},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00203}
}
```

- [← previous A Short Historical English Grammar](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/sweet-1892-short-historical-english-grammar/)
- [next → Cross-linguistic Attribute Selection for REG: Comparing Dutch and English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/theune-2010-cross-linguistic-attribute-selection-reg/)
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