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# Machine translation

326 paper cards from Mova's library · page 1 of 4

## What it is

Machine translation, MT for short, translates text from one language to another by program. The first systems were rules written by hand: dictionaries and grammars of transfer from one language's structure to another's, or an interlingua that belongs to no language. Statistical systems then learned translation tables from aligned texts, and neural networks now translate whole sentences at once.

Translation is hard because languages cut the world differently: words have no exact match, word order changes, and style matters as much as meaning. Systems are measured with people's judgments and with automatic scores such as BLEU that compare the output with human translations.

## How Mova does it

Mova translates without a neural network: a text is read down its language's stack into a tree, frames and a world, then into a meta-world that belongs to no language, and written out by the target language's encoder with the target author's delta. The test is byte for byte on verse-aligned Bibles, and what is lost is measured in bits at every stage.

- [translate — the translator through a meta-world](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/tools/translate/)
- [roundtrip — where each layer loses information](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/tools/roundtrip/)
- [The machine translation shelf of the paper cards](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/mtrans/)

## The papers (326)

Cards with a measured or kept idea first, then by citations.

Pages: **1** · [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/topics/machine-translation-2/) · [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/topics/machine-translation-3/) · [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/topics/machine-translation-4/)

1. [Bleu: a Method for Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/papineni-2002-bleu-method-automatic-evaluation-machine/) *— Kishore Papineni, [Salim Roukos](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/salim-roukos/), Todd Ward, Wei-Jing Zhu, 2002 · 21265 citations*
2. [METEOR: An Automatic Metric for MT Evaluation with Improved Correlation with Human Judgments](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/banerjee-2005-meteor-automatic-metric-mt-evaluation/) *— Satanjeev Banerjee, [Alon Lavie](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/alon-lavie/), 2005 · 4152 citations*
3. [A Call for Clarity in Reporting BLEU Scores](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/post-2018-call-clarity-reporting-bleu-scores/) *— [Matt Post](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/matt-post/), 2018 · 2102 citations*
4. [Hierarchical Phrase-Based Translation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/chiang-2007-hierarchical-phrase-based-translation/) *— [David Chiang](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/david-chiang/), 2007 · 1145 citations*
5. [A Hierarchical Phrase-Based Model for Statistical Machine Translation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/chiang-2005-hierarchical-phrase-based-model-statistical/) *— [David Chiang](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/david-chiang/), 2005 · 1139 citations*
6. [Abstract Meaning Representation for Sembanking](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/banarescu-2013-abstract-meaning-representation-sembanking/) *— Laura Banarescu, [Claire Bonial](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/claire-bonial/), Shu Cai, Madalina Georgescu et al., 2013 · 1117 citations*
7. [chrF: character n-gram F-score for automatic MT evaluation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/popovic-2015-chrf-character-n-gram-f/) *— [Maja Popović](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/maja-popovic/), 2015 · 1018 citations*
8. [A Syntax-based Statistical Translation Model](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/yamada-2001-syntax-based-statistical-translation-model/) *— Kenji Yamada, [Kevin Knight](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/kevin-knight/), 2001 · 728 citations*
9. [PPDB: The Paraphrase Database](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/ganitkevitch-2013-ppdb-paraphrase-database/) *— [Juri Ganitkevitch](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/juri-ganitkevitch/), [Benjamin Van Durme](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/benjamin-van-durme/), [Chris Callison-Burch](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/chris-callison-burch/), 2013 · 651 citations*
10. [COMET: A Neural Framework for MT Evaluation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/rei-2020-comet-neural-framework-mt-evaluation/) *— [Ricardo Rei](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/ricardo-rei/), [Craig Stewart](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/craig-stewart/), Ana C Farinha, [Alon Lavie](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/alon-lavie/), 2020 · 641 citations*
11. [Style Transfer from Non-Parallel Text by Cross-Alignment](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/shen-2017-style-transfer-non-parallel-text/) *— Tianxiao Shen, [Tao Lei](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/tao-lei/), [Regina Barzilay](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/regina-barzilay/), Tommi Jaakkola, 2017 · 619 citations*
12. [Paraphrasing with Bilingual Parallel Corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/bannard-2005-paraphrasing-bilingual-parallel-corpora/) *— Colin Bannard, [Chris Callison-Burch](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/chris-callison-burch/), 2005 · 534 citations*
13. [Optimizing Statistical Machine Translation for Text Simplification](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/xu-2016-optimizing-statistical-machine-translation-text/) *— [Wei Xu](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/wei-xu/), Courtney Napoles, [Ellie Pavlick](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/ellie-pavlick/), Quanze Chen et al., 2016 · 523 citations*
14. [Extracting Paraphrases from a Parallel Corpus](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/barzilay-2001-extracting-paraphrases-parallel-corpus/) *— [Regina Barzilay](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/regina-barzilay/), Kathleen R. McKeown, 2001 · 474 citations*
15. [What's in a translation rule?](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/galley-2004-what-s-translation-rule/) *— [Michel Galley](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/michel-galley/), [Mark Hopkins](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/mark-hopkins/), [Kevin Knight](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/kevin-knight/), [Daniel Marcu](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/daniel-marcu/), 2004 · 460 citations*
16. [Learning to Paraphrase: An Unsupervised Approach Using Multiple-Sequence Alignment](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/barzilay-2003-learning-paraphrase-unsupervised-approach-multiple/) *— [Regina Barzilay](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/regina-barzilay/), [Lillian Lee](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/lillian-lee/), 2003 · 426 citations*
17. [Scalable Inference and Training of Context-Rich Syntactic Translation Models](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/galley-2006-scalable-inference-training-context-rich/) *— [Michel Galley](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/michel-galley/), [Jonathan Graehl](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/jonathan-graehl/), [Kevin Knight](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/kevin-knight/), [Daniel Marcu](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/daniel-marcu/) et al., 2006 · 414 citations*
18. [A Structured Review of the Validity of BLEU](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/reiter-2018-structured-review-validity-bleu/) *— [Ehud Reiter](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/ehud-reiter/), 2018 · 379 citations*
19. [Dependency Treelet Translation: Syntactically Informed Phrasal SMT](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/quirk-2005-dependency-treelet-translation-syntactically-informed/) *— [Chris Quirk](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/chris-quirk/), [Arul Menezes](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/arul-menezes/), [Colin Cherry](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/colin-cherry/), 2005 · 379 citations*
20. [The WebNLG Challenge: Generating Text from RDF Data](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/gardent-2017-webnlg-challenge-generating-text-rdf/) *— [Claire Gardent](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/claire-gardent/), [Anastasia Shimorina](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/anastasia-shimorina/), [Shashi Narayan](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/shashi-narayan/), Laura Perez-Beltrachini, 2017 · 352 citations*
21. [Dear Sir or Madam, May I Introduce the GYAFC Dataset: Corpus, Benchmarks and Metrics for Formality Style Transfer](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/rao-2018-dear-sir-or-madam-may/) *— Sudha Rao, [Joel Tetreault](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/joel-tetreault/), 2018 · 325 citations*
22. [Tree-to-String Alignment Template for Statistical Machine Translation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/liu-2006-tree-string-alignment-template-statistical/) *— [Yang Liu](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/yang-liu/), [Qun Liu](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/qun-liu/), [Shouxun Lin](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/shouxun-lin/), 2006 · 319 citations*
23. [Generating Phrasal and Sentential Paraphrases: A Survey of Data-Driven Methods](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/madnani-2010-generating-phrasal-sentential-paraphrases-survey/) *— Nitin Madnani, [Bonnie J. Dorr](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/bonnie-j-dorr/), 2010 · 299 citations*
24. [chrF++: words helping character n-grams](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/popovic-2017-chrf-words-helping-character-n/) *— [Maja Popović](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/maja-popovic/), 2017 · 282 citations*
25. [Experts, Errors, and Context: A Large-Scale Study of Human Evaluation for Machine Translation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/freitag-2021-experts-errors-context-large-scale/) *— [Markus Freitag](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/markus-freitag/), [George Foster](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/george-foster/), David Grangier, Viresh Ratnakar et al., 2021 · 265 citations*
26. [PPDB 2.0: Better paraphrase ranking, fine-grained entailment relations, word embeddings, and style classification](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/pavlick-2015-ppdb-2-0-better-paraphrase/) *— [Ellie Pavlick](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/ellie-pavlick/), [Pushpendre Rastogi](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/pushpendre-rastogi/), [Juri Ganitkevitch](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/juri-ganitkevitch/), [Benjamin Van Durme](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/benjamin-van-durme/) et al., 2015 · 256 citations*
27. [Neural AMR: Sequence-to-Sequence Models for Parsing and Generation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/konstas-2017-neural-amr-sequence-sequence-models/) *— Ioannis Konstas, Srinivasan Iyer, [Mark Yatskar](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/mark-yatskar/), [Yejin Choi](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/yejin-choi/) et al., 2017 · 255 citations*
28. [Learning Non-Isomorphic Tree Mappings for Machine Translation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/eisner-2003-learning-non-isomorphic-tree-mappings/) *— [Jason Eisner](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/jason-eisner/), 2003 · 240 citations*
29. [Machine Translation Divergences: A Formal Description and Proposed Solution](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/dorr-1994-machine-translation-divergences-formal-description/) *— [Bonnie J. Dorr](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/bonnie-j-dorr/), 1994 · 238 citations*
30. [A Fast and Portable Realizer for Text Generation Systems](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/lavoie-1997-fast-portable-realizer-text-generation/) *— [Benoit Lavoie](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/benoit-lavoie/), Owen Rainbow, 1997 · 201 citations*
31. [Machine Translation Using Probabilistic Synchronous Dependency Insertion Grammars](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/ding-2005-machine-translation-probabilistic-synchronous-dependency/) *— Yuan Ding, [Martha Palmer](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/martha-palmer/), 2005 · 199 citations*
32. [Reformulating Unsupervised Style Transfer as Paraphrase Generation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/krishna-2020-reformulating-unsupervised-style-transfer-as/) *— Kalpesh Krishna, John Wieting, Mohit Iyyer, 2020 · 188 citations*
33. [Tangled up in BLEU: Reevaluating the Evaluation of Automatic Machine Translation Evaluation Metrics](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/mathur-2020-tangled-up-bleu-reevaluating-evaluation/) *— [Nitika Mathur](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/nitika-mathur/), [Timothy Baldwin](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/timothy-baldwin/), Trevor Cohn, 2020 · 188 citations*
34. [A Challenge Set Approach to Evaluating Machine Translation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/isabelle-2017-challenge-set-approach-evaluating-machine/) *— [Pierre Isabelle](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/pierre-isabelle/), [Colin Cherry](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/colin-cherry/), [George Foster](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/george-foster/), 2017 · 161 citations*
35. [Shakespearizing Modern Language Using Copy-Enriched Sequence to Sequence Models](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/jhamtani-2017-shakespearizing-modern-language-copy-enriched/) *— Harsh Jhamtani, Varun Gangal, [Eduard Hovy](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/eduard-hovy/), [Eric Nyberg](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/eric-nyberg/), 2017 · 156 citations*
36. [Semantic Neural Machine Translation Using AMR](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/song-2019-semantic-neural-machine-translation-amr/) *— [Linfeng Song](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/linfeng-song/), [Daniel Gildea](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/daniel-gildea/), [Yue Zhang](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/yue-zhang/), [Zhiguo Wang](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/zhiguo-wang/) et al., 2019 · 143 citations*
37. [An Empirical Analysis of Formality in Online Communication](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/pavlick-2016-empirical-analysis-formality-online-communication/) *— [Ellie Pavlick](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/ellie-pavlick/), [Joel Tetreault](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/joel-tetreault/), 2016 · 136 citations*
38. [CharacTer: Translation Edit Rate on Character Level](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/wang-2016-character-translation-edit-rate-character/) *— Weiyue Wang, Jan-Thorsten Peter, Hendrik Rosendahl, [Hermann Ney](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/hermann-ney/), 2016 · 131 citations*
39. [Chart Generation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/kay-1996-chart-generation/) *— Martin Kay, 1996 · 127 citations*
40. [Learning to Translate with Source and Target Syntax](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/chiang-2010-learning-translate-source-target-syntax/) *— [David Chiang](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/david-chiang/), 2010 · 110 citations*
41. [The First Surface Realisation Shared Task: Overview and Evaluation Results](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/belz-2011-first-surface-realisation-shared-task/) *— [Anja Belz](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/anja-belz/), [Michael White](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/michael-white/), Dominic Espinosa, Eric Kow et al., 2011 · 105 citations*
42. [Generation from Abstract Meaning Representation using Tree Transducers](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/flanigan-2016-generation-abstract-meaning-representation-tree/) *— [Jeffrey Flanigan](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/jeffrey-flanigan/), [Chris Dyer](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/chris-dyer/), [Noah A. Smith](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/noah-a-smith/), [Jaime Carbonell](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/jaime-carbonell/), 2016 · 97 citations*
43. [Aligning English Strings with Abstract Meaning Representation Graphs](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/pourdamghani-2014-aligning-english-strings-abstract-meaning/) *— [Nima Pourdamghani](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/nima-pourdamghani/), Yang Gao, [Ulf Hermjakob](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/ulf-hermjakob/), [Kevin Knight](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/kevin-knight/), 2014 · 86 citations*
44. [Hybrid text simplification using synchronous dependency grammars with hand-written and automatically harvested rules](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/siddharthan-2014-hybrid-text-simplification-synchronous-dependency/) *— [Advaith Siddharthan](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/advaith-siddharthan/), Angrosh Mandya, 2014 · 82 citations*
45. [Semantic Structural Evaluation for Text Simplification](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/sulem-2018-semantic-structural-evaluation-text-simplification/) *— [Elior Sulem](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/elior-sulem/), [Omri Abend](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/omri-abend/), [Ari Rappoport](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/ari-rappoport/), 2018 · 79 citations*
46. [AMR-to-text Generation with Synchronous Node Replacement Grammar](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/song-2017-amr-text-generation-synchronous-node/) *— [Linfeng Song](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/linfeng-song/), Xiaochang Peng, [Yue Zhang](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/yue-zhang/), [Zhiguo Wang](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/zhiguo-wang/) et al., 2017 · 78 citations*
47. [Simple and Effective Text Simplification Using Semantic and Neural Methods](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/sulem-2018-simple-effective-text-simplification-semantic/) *— [Elior Sulem](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/elior-sulem/), [Omri Abend](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/omri-abend/), [Ari Rappoport](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/ari-rappoport/), 2018 · 74 citations*
48. [Generating English from Abstract Meaning Representations](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/pourdamghani-2016-generating-english-abstract-meaning-representations/) *— [Nima Pourdamghani](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/nima-pourdamghani/), [Kevin Knight](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/kevin-knight/), [Ulf Hermjakob](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/ulf-hermjakob/), 2016 · 66 citations*
49. [A Large-Scale Comparison of Historical Text Normalization Systems](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/bollmann-2019-large-scale-comparison-historical-text/) *— [Marcel Bollmann](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/marcel-bollmann/), 2019 · 65 citations*
50. [Broad Coverage Multilingual Deep Sentence Generation with a Stochastic Multi-Level Realizer](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/bohnet-2010-broad-coverage-multilingual-deep-sentence/) *— [Bernd Bohnet](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/bernd-bohnet/), [Leo Wanner](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/leo-wanner/), [Simon Mille](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/simon-mille/), [Alicia Burga](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/alicia-burga/), 2010 · 56 citations*
51. [CILI: the Collaborative Interlingual Index](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/bond-2016-cili-collaborative-interlingual-index/) *— [Francis Bond](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/francis-bond/), Piek Vossen, [John P. McCrae](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/john-p-mccrae/), Christiane Fellbaum, 2016 · 55 citations*
52. [Squib: Expressive Power of Abstract Meaning Representations](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/bos-2016-squib-expressive-power-abstract-meaning/) *— [Johan Bos](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/johan-bos/), 2016 · 54 citations*
53. [MEANT 2.0: Accurate semantic MT evaluation for any output language](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/lo-2017-meant-2-0-accurate-semantic/) *— [Chi-kiu Lo](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/chi-kiu-lo/), 2017 · 51 citations*
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82. [Feature-Rich Translation by Quasi-Synchronous Lattice Parsing](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/gimpel-2009-feature-rich-translation-quasi-synchronous/) *— [Kevin Gimpel](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/kevin-gimpel/), [Noah A. Smith](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/noah-a-smith/), 2009 · 21 citations*
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86. [Factorising AMR generation through syntax](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cao-2019-factorising-amr-generation-through-syntax/) *— Kris Cao, [Stephen Clark](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/stephen-clark/), 2019 · 17 citations*
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