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# Universal Dependencies for Arabic

**Authors:** [Dima Taji](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/dima-taji/); [Nizar Habash](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/nizar-habash/); [Daniel Zeman](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/daniel-zeman/) · **Year:** 2017 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the Third Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop (WANLP 2017), pp. 166–176 **Link:** [aclanthology.org/W17-1320](https://aclanthology.org/W17-1320/) · library `ud-2017-taji-universal-dependencies-arabic` · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) (ACL Anthology)

[**24** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2740870334) openalex · 2026-10-18[**29** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/ud-2017-taji-universal-dependencies-arabic/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[Proceedings of the Third Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/W17-13/)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/W17-1320/)
- [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/W17-1320.pdf)
- [DOI 10.18653/v1/w17-1320](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w17-1320)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2740870334)

**Authors (3)**

1. [Dima Taji](https://openalex.org/A5015963007) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1707-1329) · h 9 · 721 citations · 29 works
2. [Nizar Habash](https://openalex.org/A5084517393) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1831-3457) · h 57 · 12233 citations · 359 works
3. [Daniel Zeman](https://openalex.org/A5061392927) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5791-6568) · h 28 · 4506 citations · 176 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex (2026-10-18); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

The paper presents NUDAR, a Universal Dependencies treebank for Modern Standard Arabic of 738,889 tokens in 19,738 sentences, made by converting the Penn Arabic Treebank (parts 1–3). The conversion runs in two steps: the phrase trees become the richer CATiB++ dependency format, with dashtags and morphology, and then rules map labels and structure to UD. The paper lists the main decisions: coordination is flat with the first conjunct as head; numbers are headed by the noun they count (nummod), with compound for numerals inside large numbers; proper names are flat:name; prepositions attach low as case; a copula attaches to its predicate; and the possessive construct is nmod:poss. On a manually checked sample the conversion scores LAS 98.0 and UAS 99.1 on test. A MaltParser trained on NUDAR reaches LAS 81.9, below the CATiB parser on its own space (83.1), and converting the CATiB parser's output to NUDAR loses more (LAS 75.3), since the converted output lacks the dashtags the conversion needs.

## Ideas

- I1. Flat coordination as a tree rule: the first conjunct heads the whole coordination, later conjuncts attach with conj and the conjunction with cc. Check that the Hebrew and Aramaic trees from `world` and `prag` use the same shape, and count the cases where they do not.
- I2. Number constructs by a small table: the noun heads a numeral of three and above, and a multi-word number such as "thousand and forty" is compound inside one headed noun. Use the numeral table of the Hebrew lexicon to write these rules in [The lexicon](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/hbo/10-lexicon/) and [Nouns, adjectives, pronouns and numerals](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/he/04-nouns-adjectives-pronouns/).
- I3. Keep the intermediate annotation: the paper finds that converting a parser's output loses accuracy because the richer intermediate tags are missing. For Mova's `tools/hbo` and `macula prag`, keep the rule features in the intermediate tree, and do not convert from bare UD output.
- I4. Conversion validation: check a random set of converted trees against a hand-checked gold subset (the paper uses 17 sentences to tune and 82 to test, reporting LAS, UAS and label accuracy). Use the same protocol for `macula compare`.

## For Mova

I1 is a check in `world` and `prag`, and a rule in [Syntax: the clause and the sentence](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/hbo/08-syntax/). I2 goes into [The lexicon](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/hbo/10-lexicon/) and [Nouns, adjectives, pronouns and numerals](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/he/04-nouns-adjectives-pronouns/). I3 is a design rule for `tools/hbo` and `macula prag`. I4 is a test protocol for `macula compare` and for any Arabic conversion in `treebanks/ar`.

Topics: [Universal Dependencies](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/topics/universal-dependencies/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.18653/v1/w17-1320](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w17-1320)

```
@inproceedings{taji2017universal,
  title = {{Universal Dependencies for Arabic}},
  author = {Taji, Dima and Habash, Nizar and Zeman, Daniel},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop},
  year = {2017},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/w17-1320},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w17-1320}
}
```

- [← previous Akkadian Treebank for early Neo-Assyrian Royal Inscriptions](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/treebanks-2020-luukko-akkadian-treebank-early-neo-assyrian/)
- [next → Universal Dependencies for Amharic](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/ud-2018-seyoum-universal-dependencies-amharic/)
- [↑ back to Semitic languages](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/sem/)

## References

50 references, 10 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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39. Anas Shahrour, Salam Khalifa, Dima Taji, and Nizar Habash. 2016. Camelparser: A system for arabic syntactic analysis and morphological disambiguation. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Anas+Shahrour%2C+Salam+Khalifa%2C+Dima+Taji%2C+and+Nizar+Habash%2E+2016%2E+Camelparser%3A+A+system+for+arabic+syntactic+analysis+and+morphological+disambiguation%2E) [our card](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2016-shahrour-camelparser-system-arabic-syntactic-analysis/)
40. Joakim Nivre, Johan Hall, and Jens Nilsson. 2006. MaltParser: A data-driven parser-generator for dependency parsing. In In Proc. of LREC-2006, pages 2216–2219. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Joakim+Nivre%2C+Johan+Hall%2C+and+Jens+Nilsson%2E+2006%2E+MaltParser%3A+A+data%2Ddriven+parser%2Dgenerator+for+dependency+parsing%2E+In+In+Proc%2E+of+LREC%2D2006%2C+pages+2216%E2%80%932219%2E)
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42. Joakim Nivre, Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, Filip Ginter, Yoav Goldberg, Jan Hajic, Christopher D. Manning, Ryan McDonald, Slav Petrov, Sampo Pyysalo, Natalia Silveira, Reut Tsarfaty, and Daniel Zeman. 2016. Universal dependencies v1: A multilingual treebank collection. In Nicoletta Calzolari (Conference Chair), Khalid Choukri, Thierry Declerck, Sara Goggi, Marko Grobelnik, Bente Maegaard, Joseph Mariani, Helene Mazo, Asuncion Moreno, Jan Odijk, and Stelios Piperidis, editors, Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2016), Paris, France, may. European Language Resources Association (ELRA). [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Joakim+Nivre%2C+Marie%2DCatherine+de+Marneffe%2C+Filip+Ginter%2C+Yoav+Goldberg%2C+Jan+Hajic%2C+Christopher+D%2E+Manning%2C+Ryan+McDonald%2C+Slav+Petrov%2C+Sampo+Pyysalo%2C+Natalia+Silveira%2C+Reut+Tsarfaty%2C+and+Daniel+Zeman%2E) [our card](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/ud-2016-nivre-universal-dependencies-v1-multilingual-treebank/)
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46. Daniel Zeman. 2008. Reusable tagset conversion using tagset drivers. In LREC. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Daniel+Zeman%2E+2008%2E+Reusable+tagset+conversion+using+tagset+drivers%2E+In+LREC%2E)
47. Joakim Nivre. 2016. Universal dependencies: Dubious linguistics and crappy parsing? COLING Keynote Talk. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Joakim+Nivre%2E+2016%2E+Universal+dependencies%3A+Dubious+linguistics+and+crappy+parsing%3F+COLING+Keynote+Talk%2E)
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49. Lilja Øvrelid and Petter Hohle. 2016. Universal dependencies for norwegian. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Lilja+%C3%98vrelid+and+Petter+Hohle%2E+2016%2E+Universal+dependencies+for+norwegian%2E)
50. Arfath Pasha, Mohamed Al-Badrashiny, Mona Diab, Ahmed El Kholy, Ramy Eskander, Nizar Habash, Manoj Pooleery, Owen Rambow, and Ryan M. Roth. 2014. MADAMIRA: A Fast, Comprehensive Tool for Morphological Analysis and Disambiguation of Arabic. In Proceedings of the Language Resources [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Arfath+Pasha%2C+Mohamed+Al%2DBadrashiny%2C+Mona+Diab%2C+Ahmed+El+Kholy%2C+Ramy+Eskander%2C+Nizar+Habash%2C+Manoj+Pooleery%2C+Owen+Rambow%2C+and+Ryan+M%2E+Roth%2E+2014%2E+MADAMIRA%3A+A+Fast%2C+Comprehensive+Tool+for+Morphological) [our card](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/lingbulk-2014-pasha-madamira-fast-comprehensive-tool-morphological/)