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# Twitter Universal Dependency Parsing for African-American and Mainstream American English

**Authors:** Su Lin Blodgett, Johnny Wei, [Brendan O'Connor](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/brendan-o-connor/) · **Year:** 2018 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) **Link:** [aclanthology.org/P18-1131](https://aclanthology.org/P18-1131/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

[**49** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2799159261) openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14[**43** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/ud-2018-blodgett-twitter-universal-dependency-parsing-african/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/P18-1/)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/P18-1131/)
- [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/P18-1131.pdf)
- [DOI 10.18653/v1/p18-1131](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p18-1131)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2799159261)

**Authors (3)**

1. [Su Lin Blodgett](https://openalex.org/A5001257783) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9861-3483) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/3422038) · h 16 · 2073 citations · 85 works
2. [Johnny Wei](https://openalex.org/A5060067799) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9406-419X) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/6145196) · h 8 · 476 citations · 24 works
3. Brendan O'Connor [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/153724741)

Citations and author metrics from openalex-snapshot (2026-10-14); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

The authors ask how well UD parsers handle tweets written in African-American English (AAE) compared with Mainstream American English. They annotate 500 tweets in UD 2.0, 250 sampled as strongly AAE and 250 as strongly White, with explicit rules for Twitter conventions and for AAE constructions such as dropped copulas, habitual "be", "finna" and "gone"/"done" auxiliaries. Two parsers (UDPipe and Deep Biaffine) are trained on the UD English treebank with cross-domain tricks: coarse Twitter tags from the ARK tagger instead of morphological tags, Twitter word2vec embeddings, and rule-generated synthetic data. The ARK setting shrinks the AA/WH LAS gap from 14.0–15.7 points to 5.9–8.4, and training on the UD treebank together with the in-domain tweets raises LAS by 8.1 points over tweets alone. The gain comes mostly on the AA tweets, and the synthetic AAE data did not help the lexical variants.

## Ideas

- I1. `en/src/ptag.rs`: test a coarse, Twitter-style tag setting (no tense or number, as in the ARK tagger) as the tag input to `en` parsing; metric: LAS on the 250 AA and 250 WH tweets separately, reporting the gap (test only, unless the tweet licence allows more).
- I2. `en/seeds/lexicon`: a seed list of AAE and Twitter spellings (da/tha, dis, ion, yo, finna, bouta, tryna, gonna) mapped to standard lemmas and UPOS; metric: lemma and UPOS accuracy on the AA subset, and the number of variant tokens that change tag.
- I3. `en/src/morph.rs` and the `en explain` output: keep the copula check (nsubj attached to the predicate when the copula is dropped) as a measured feature; metric: dropped-copula attachment accuracy on the 44 AA cases in the paper's set, never on training data.
- I4. Synthetic AAE data as a training input is a rejected idea here: the paper saw it hurt lexical variants, so the Mova rule is to test any rule-made training data on a held-out tweet set first, and keep it only if the gap and the variant accuracy both improve.

## For Mova

The chapters are [08. National varieties](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/08-national-varieties/) and `37-register-and-variation.md`, with `19-lexicon-mwe-register.md` for the spellings. The code is `en/src/ptag.rs`, `en/src/morph.rs` and the seed lexicon. Tweets are a dialect and register test for the shipped `en` model, not a training source. Measure the AA/WH gap first.

Topics: [Dependency parsing](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/topics/dependency-parsing/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.18653/v1/p18-1131](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p18-1131)

```
@inproceedings{blodgett2018twitter,
  title = {{Twitter Universal Dependency Parsing for African-American and Mainstream American English}},
  author = {Blodgett, Su Lin and Wei, Johnny and O'Connor, Brendan},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)},
  year = {2018},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/p18-1131},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p18-1131}
}
```

- [← previous Towards JointUD: Part-of-speech Tagging and Lemmatization using Recurrent Neural Networks](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/ud-2018-arakelyan-jointud-part-speech-tagging-lemmatization/)
- [next → Mind the Gap: Data Enrichment in Dependency Parsing of Elliptical Constructions](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/ud-2018-droganova-mind-gap-data-enrichment-dependency/)
- [↑ back to English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/en/)

## References

35 references, 12 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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