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# Sentences with Gapping: Parsing and Reconstructing Elided Predicates

**Authors:** [Sebastian Schuster](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/sebastian-schuster/), [Joakim Nivre](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/joakim-nivre/), [Christopher D. Manning](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/christopher-d-manning/) · **Year:** 2018 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers) **Link:** [aclanthology.org/N18-1105](https://aclanthology.org/N18-1105/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

[**25** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2798130592) openalex · 2026-10-18[**15** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/ud-2018-schuster-sentences-gapping-parsing-reconstructing-elided/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/N18-1/)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/N18-1105/)
- [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/N18-1105.pdf)
- [DOI 10.18653/v1/n18-1105](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n18-1105)
- [arXiv 1804.06922](https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.06922)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2798130592)

**Authors (3)**

1. [Sebastian Schuster](https://openalex.org/A5018467280) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8066-0142) · h 16 · 2576 citations · 93 works
2. [Joakim Nivre](https://openalex.org/A5077063699) h 60 · 16290 citations · 335 works
3. [Christopher D. Manning](https://openalex.org/A5046006076) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6155-649X) · h 140 · 185462 citations · 781 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex (2026-10-18); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

In "Paul likes coffee and Mary tea" the verb is elided, so standard parsers attach the remnants badly and downstream relation extraction misses the predicate. The paper parses to UD trees and then reconstructs the elided material in two ways. The COMPOSITE method has the parser predict composite relations (for example conj>obj) that encode the gap, and turns them into an enhanced graph with a copy node. The ORPHAN method lets the parser predict only the orphan label, then reconstructs the missing predicate by aligning remnants with their correspondents using word embeddings. On gold trees both reconstruct the clause with high accuracy. End to end, recall is low because the parser often misses the gap, and both methods score about the same, with the ORPHAN method more precise and COMPOSITE more recall-oriented. A Swedish case study shows the method transfers.

## Ideas

- I1. `en/src/parse.rs` and `en/src/ctx.rs`: add an orphan detector as a first stage (features from the local context and the coordination pattern), and measure orphan recall on EWT test and on the gapping set, since recall is the bottleneck in this paper.
- I2. `prag`/`world`: reconstruction by alignment of remnants to correspondents using `en` lemmas and UPOS instead of word embeddings (Mova has no pretrained vectors); measure reattachment accuracy with gold trees first, which is the ceiling, then with `en` trees.
- I3. `gparse`: keep the orphan label as the output and predict the composite form in a separate head (the paper saw the composite label space hurt labelled attachment); metric: LAS on EWT dev, two seeds.

## For Mova

This is [29. Ellipsis, word order and information structure](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/29-ellipsis-word-order-information-structure/). The code is `en/src/parse.rs` (the gap detector), `prag`/`world` (the reconstructed frames) and `gparse` for the label-space question. Measure the gold-tree ceiling before the parsed version, so that errors are not blamed on the reconstruction.

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.18653/v1/n18-1105](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n18-1105) · [arXiv 1804.06922](https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.06922)

```
@inproceedings{schuster2018sentences,
  title = {{Sentences with Gapping: Parsing and Reconstructing Elided Predicates}},
  author = {Schuster, Sebastian and Nivre, Joakim and Manning, Christopher D.},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)},
  year = {2018},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/n18-1105},
  eprint = {1804.06922},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n18-1105}
}
```

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