[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/ud-2022-zeldes-second-wave-ud-hebrew-treebanking/)

[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [docs](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/) / [papers](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/) / [Modern Hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/he/) / A Second Wave of UD Hebrew Treebanking and Cross-Domain Parsing

# A Second Wave of UD Hebrew Treebanking and Cross-Domain Parsing

**Authors:** [Amir Zeldes](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/amir-zeldes/); [Nick Howell](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/nick-howell/); [Noam Ordan](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/noam-ordan/); Yifat Ben Moshe · **Year:** 2022 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp. 4331–4344 **Link:** [aclanthology.org/2022.emnlp-main.292](https://aclanthology.org/2022.emnlp-main.292/) · library `ud-2022-zeldes-second-wave-ud-hebrew-treebanking` · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) (ACL Anthology)

[**6** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4385573143) openalex · 2026-10-18[**12** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/ud-2022-zeldes-second-wave-ud-hebrew-treebanking/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/2022.emnlp-main/)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2022.emnlp-main.292/)
- [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2022.emnlp-main.292.pdf)
- [DOI 10.18653/v1/2022.emnlp-main.292](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.emnlp-main.292)
- [arXiv 2210.07873](https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.07873)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4385573143)

**Authors (4)**

1. [Amir Zeldes](https://openalex.org/A5089212858) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8016-6753) · h 17 · 1555 citations · 240 works
2. [Nick Howell](https://openalex.org/A5111215505) h 1 · 7 citations · 7 works
3. [Noam Ordan](https://openalex.org/A5067722769) h 11 · 742 citations · 34 works
4. [Yifat Ben Moshe](https://openalex.org/A5127166387) h 3 · 53 citations · 7 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex (2026-10-18); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

The paper adds a second Hebrew UD treebank, IAHLT WIKI: 5039 sentences and about 141K tokens from 39 Hebrew Wikipedia documents in seven topics (biography, events, finance, health, law, places, miscellaneous). Six linguists annotated it over six months in Grew-Arborator. On about 440 double-annotated sentences, word segmentation agreed at 99.1%, UPOS at 94.8, FEATS at 90.9 and head attachment at 95.8. The authors also revise the older UD HTB to be valid under UD 2.10, mainly by changing the tokenization: inserted *šel* ("of") before possessive clitics and object-marker splits are removed, and zero articles get `Definite=Def` instead. Validation uses grewv, a rule checker built on Grew. The HebPipe system (a character-level RFTokenizer with AlephBERT-based boundary features, an LSTM tagger and a biaffine parser) sets new results on HTB, and it generalizes best across the two corpora. Training on Wikipedia and testing on HTB drops parsing LAS by 5 to 10 points for the baselines.

## Ideas

- I1. Pattern rules with levels: write Mova's UD checks as graph patterns with an error or warning level, a message template, and a named exception list, as in the paper's example (a `cc` child must be `conj`, `parataxis` or `root`, with one lexical exception). Put the checks in the Rust output validator for `tools/hbo`.
- I2. Once the tokenization is concatenative, segmentation becomes a per-character yes/no decision (does a new segment start here). A boundary-only test on a sample of MACULA text checks whether `tools/hbo`'s `pre` and `lex` tables cover the boundaries that the rules miss.
- I3. A position feature for multi-word tokens (begins, ends, inside, single) fixed the waw ambiguity (conjunction "and" against pronoun "him"). The paper's ablation cost 0.32 points. For Mova, treat waw and the other prefix letters as a rule with explicit position, tested on the `tools/hbo` output.
- I4. Cross-genre test: train on one genre and test on another, and report the drop per layer (segmentation, tagging, parsing), as the paper does. For Mova, use the Torah and the Mishnaic texts as the two genres.

## For Mova

I1 belongs in `tools/hbo` (output check) and in [11. Modern Hebrew in Universal Dependencies](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/he/11-ud-analysis/). I2 is a test for `tools/hbo`, recorded in [13. Biblical Hebrew in Mova: the tools](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/hbo/13-mova-tools/). I3 belongs in [Pronouns, particles and prepositions](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/hbo/05-pronouns-particles/). I4 belongs in [11. Mishnaic Hebrew (hbo-x-mishnaic)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/hbo/11-mishnaic/) and [12. Biblical, Mishnaic and Modern Hebrew compared](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/hbo/12-biblical-mishnaic-modern/). Licence caution: the paper's text says the corpus is CC BY-SA. Its data may be quoted, tested on and learned from, but must not be carried into a release; check the corpus licence before any use of the treebank itself.

Topics: [Universal Dependencies](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/topics/universal-dependencies/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.18653/v1/2022.emnlp-main.292](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.emnlp-main.292) · [arXiv 2210.07873](https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.07873)

```
@inproceedings{zeldes2022second,
  title = {{A Second Wave of UD Hebrew Treebanking and Cross-Domain Parsing}},
  author = {Zeldes, Amir and Howell, Nick and Ordan, Noam and Moshe, Yifat Ben},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
  year = {2022},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2022.emnlp-main.292},
  eprint = {2210.07873},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.emnlp-main.292}
}
```

- [← previous ParaShoot: A Hebrew Question Answering Dataset](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/ud-2021-keren-parashoot-hebrew-question-answering-dataset/)
- [↑ back to Modern Hebrew](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/he/)

## References

23 references, 9 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

1. Meni Adler and Michael Elhadad. 2006. An unsupervised morpheme-based HMM for Hebrew morphological disambiguation. In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the ACL, pages 665–672, Sydney. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Meni+Adler+and+Michael+Elhadad%2E+2006%2E+An+unsupervised+morpheme%2Dbased+HMM+for+Hebrew+morphological+disambiguation%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+21st+International+Conference+on+Computational+Linguistics+and+4) [our card](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2006-adler-unsupervised-morpheme-based-hmm-hebrew/)
2. Giuseppe Attardi, Daniele Sartiano, and Maria Simi. 2021. Biaffine dependency and semantic graph parsing for EnhancedUniversal dependencies. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Parsing Technologies and the IWPT 2021 Shared Task on Parsing into Enhanced Universal Dependencies (IWPT 2021), pages 184–188, Online. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Giuseppe+Attardi%2C+Daniele+Sartiano%2C+and+Maria+Simi%2E+2021%2E+Biaffine+dependency+and+semantic+graph+parsing+for+EnhancedUniversal+dependencies%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+17th+International+Conference+on+Pars)
3. Shabnam Behzad and Amir Zeldes. 2020. A cross-genre ensemble approach to robust Reddit part of speech tagging. In Proceedings of the 12th Web as Corpus Workshop (WAC-XII), pages 50–56, Marseille, France. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Shabnam+Behzad+and+Amir+Zeldes%2E+2020%2E+A+cross%2Dgenre+ensemble+approach+to+robust+Reddit+part+of+speech+tagging%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+12th+Web+as+Corpus+Workshop+%28WAC%2DXII%29%2C+pages+50%E2%80%9356%2C+Marseille%2C+Fran)
4. Alexis Conneau, Kartikay Khandelwal, Naman Goyal, Vishrav Chaudhary, Guillaume Wenzek, Francisco Guzmán, Edouard Grave, Myle Ott, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Veselin Stoyanov. 2020. Unsupervised cross-lingual representation learning at scale. In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 8440– 8451, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. [↗](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.747)
5. Timothy Dozat and Christopher D. Manning. 2017. Deep biaffine attention for neural dependency parsing. In Proceedings of ICLR 2017, Toulon, France. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Timothy+Dozat+and+Christopher+D%2E+Manning%2E+2017%2E+Deep+biaffine+attention+for+neural+dependency+parsing%2E+In+Proceedings+of+ICLR+2017%2C+Toulon%2C+France%2E) [our card](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/missing-2016-dozat-deep-biaffine-attention-neural-dependency/)
6. Yoav Goldberg and Michael Elhadad. 2009. Hebrew dependency parsing: Initial results. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies (IWPT’09), pages 129–133, Paris, France. Association for Computational Linguistics. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Yoav+Goldberg+and+Michael+Elhadad%2E+2009%2E+Hebrew+dependency+parsing%3A+Initial+results%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+11th+International+Conference+on+Parsing+Technologies+%28IWPT%E2%80%9909%29%2C+pages+129%E2%80%93133%2C+Paris%2C+France) [our card](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/lingbulk-2009-goldberg-hebrew-dependency-parsing-initial-results/)
7. Gaël Guibon, Marine Courtin, Kim Gerdes, and Bruno Guillaume. 2020. When collaborative treebank curation meets graph grammars. In Proceedings of the 12th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC 2020), pages 5291–5300, Marseille, France. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ga%C3%ABl+Guibon%2C+Marine+Courtin%2C+Kim+Gerdes%2C+and+Bruno+Guillaume%2E+2020%2E+When+collaborative+treebank+curation+meets+graph+grammars%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+12th+Language+Resources+and+Evaluation+Conference+%28)
8. Bruno Guillaume. 2021. Graph matching and graph rewriting: GREW tools for corpus exploration, maintenance and conversion. In Proceedings of EACL 2021 System Demos, pages 168–175, online. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Bruno+Guillaume%2E+2021%2E+Graph+matching+and+graph+rewriting%3A+GREW+tools+for+corpus+exploration%2C+maintenance+and+conversion%2E+In+Proceedings+of+EACL+2021+System+Demos%2C+pages+168%E2%80%93175%2C+online%2E)
9. Shoval Sade, Amit Seker, and Reut Tsarfaty. 2018. The Hebrew Universal Dependency treebank: Past present and future. In Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Universal Dependencies (UDW 2018), pages 133–143, Brussels, Belgium. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Shoval+Sade%2C+Amit+Seker%2C+and+Reut+Tsarfaty%2E+2018%2E+The+Hebrew+Universal+Dependency+treebank%3A+Past+present+and+future%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+Second+Workshop+on+Universal+Dependencies+%28UDW+2018%29%2C+pages+1) [our card](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/ud-2018-sade-hebrew-universal-dependency-treebank-past/)
10. Djamé Seddah, Sandra Kübler, and Reut Tsarfaty. 2014. Introducing the SPMRL 2014 shared task on parsing morphologically-rich languages. In First Joint Workshop on Statistical Parsing of Morphologically Rich Languages and Syntactic Analysis of Non-Canonical Languages, pages 103–109, Dublin, Ireland. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Djam%C3%A9+Seddah%2C+Sandra+K%C3%BCbler%2C+and+Reut+Tsarfaty%2E+2014%2E+Introducing+the+SPMRL+2014+shared+task+on+parsing+morphologically%2Drich+languages%2E+In+First+Joint+Workshop+on+Statistical+Parsing+of+Morphologicall)
11. Amit Seker, Elron Bandel, Dan Bareket, Idan Brusilovsky, Refael Greenfeld, and Reut Tsarfaty. 2022. AlephBERT: Language model pre-training and evaluation from sub-word to sentence level. In Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), pages 46–56, Dublin, Ireland. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Amit+Seker%2C+Elron+Bandel%2C+Dan+Bareket%2C+Idan+Brusilovsky%2C+Refael+Greenfeld%2C+and+Reut+Tsarfaty%2E+2022%2E+AlephBERT%3A+Language+model+pre%2Dtraining+and+evaluation+from+sub%2Dword+to+sentence+level%2E+In+Proceeding) [our card](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/acl-2022-seker-alephbert-language-model-pre-training/)
12. Daisuke Kawahara and Sadao Kurohashi. 2005. Pp-attachment disambiguation boosted by a gigantic volume of unambiguous examples. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (IJCNLP-05), pages 188–198, Berlin and Heidelberg. Springer. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Daisuke+Kawahara+and+Sadao+Kurohashi%2E+2005%2E+Pp%2Dattachment+disambiguation+boosted+by+a+gigantic+volume+of+unambiguous+examples%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+2nd+International+Joint+Conference+on+Natural+Langu)
13. Deven Santosh Shah, H. Andrew Schwartz, and Dirk Hovy. 2020. Predictive biases in natural language processing models: A conceptual framework and overview. In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 5248–5264, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Deven+Santosh+Shah%2C+H%2E+Andrew+Schwartz%2C+and+Dirk+Hovy%2E+2020%2E+Predictive+biases+in+natural+language+processing+models%3A+A+conceptual+framework+and+overview%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+58th+Annual+Meeting+of+)
14. Max Müller-Eberstein, Rob van der Goot, and Barbara Plank. 2021. How universal is genre in Universal Dependencies? In Proceedings of Treebanks and Linguistic Theories 2021, pages 69–85, Sofia, Bulgaria. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Max+M%C3%BCller%2DEberstein%2C+Rob+van+der+Goot%2C+and+Barbara+Plank%2E+2021%2E+How+universal+is+genre+in+Universal+Dependencies%3F+In+Proceedings+of+Treebanks+and+Linguistic+Theories+2021%2C+pages+69%E2%80%9385%2C+Sofia%2C+Bulgari)
15. Khalil Sima’an, Alon Itai, Yoad Winter, Alon Altman, and Noa Nativ. 2001. Building a tree-bank of Modern Hebrew text. Traitment Automatique des Langues, 42:347–380. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Khalil+Sima%E2%80%99an%2C+Alon+Itai%2C+Yoad+Winter%2C+Alon+Altman%2C+and+Noa+Nativ%2E+2001%2E+Building+a+tree%2Dbank+of+Modern+Hebrew+text%2E+Traitment+Automatique+des+Langues%2C+42%3A347%E2%80%93380%2E)
16. Minh Van Nguyen, Viet Lai, Amir Pouran Ben Veyseh, and Thien Huu Nguyen. 2021. Trankit: A lightweight transformer-based toolkit for multilingual natural language processing. In Proceedings of the 16th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations, pages 80–90. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Minh+Van+Nguyen%2C+Viet+Lai%2C+Amir+Pouran+Ben+Veyseh%2C+and+Thien+Huu+Nguyen%2E+2021%2E+Trankit%3A+A+lightweight+transformer%2Dbased+toolkit+for+multilingual+natural+language+processing%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+16th)
17. Pedro Javier Ortiz Suárez, Benoît Sagot, and Laurent Romary. 2019. Asynchronous pipelines for processing huge corpora on medium to low resource infrastructures. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Challenges in the Management of Large Corpora (CMLC-7) 2019. Cardiff, 22nd July 2019, pages 9–16, Mannheim. Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Pedro+Javier+Ortiz+Su%C3%A1rez%2C+Beno%C3%AEt+Sagot%2C+and+Laurent+Romary%2E+2019%2E+Asynchronous+pipelines+for+processing+huge+corpora+on+medium+to+low+resource+infrastructures%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+Workshop+on+Chall)
18. Siyao Peng and Amir Zeldes. 2018. All roads lead to UD: Converting Stanford and Penn parses to English Universal Dependencies with multilayer annotations. In Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Linguistic Annotation, Multiword Expressions and Constructions (LAW-MWE-CxG-2018), pages 167–177, Santa Fe, NM. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Siyao+Peng+and+Amir+Zeldes%2E+2018%2E+All+roads+lead+to+UD%3A+Converting+Stanford+and+Penn+parses+to+English+Universal+Dependencies+with+multilayer+annotations%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+Joint+Workshop+on+Lingu) [our card](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/peng-2018-all-roads-lead-ud-converting/)
19. Peng Qi, Yuhao Zhang, Yuhui Zhang, Jason Bolton, and Christopher D. Manning. 2020. Stanza: A Python natural language processing toolkit for many human languages. In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations, pages 101–108. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Peng+Qi%2C+Yuhao+Zhang%2C+Yuhui+Zhang%2C+Jason+Bolton%2C+and+Christopher+D%2E+Manning%2E+2020%2E+Stanza%3A+A+Python+natural+language+processing+toolkit+for+many+human+languages%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+58th+Annual+Meet) [our card](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/ud-2020-qi-stanza-python-natural-language-processing/)
20. Reut Tsarfaty. 2013. A unified morpho-syntactic scheme of Stanford dependencies. In Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers), pages 578–584, Sofia, Bulgaria. Association for Computational Linguistics. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Reut+Tsarfaty%2E+2013%2E+A+unified+morpho%2Dsyntactic+scheme+of+Stanford+dependencies%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+51st+Annual+Meeting+of+the+Association+for+Computational+Linguistics+%28Volume+2%3A+Short+Papers%29%2C+pa)
21. Amir Zeldes. 2018. A characterwise windowed approach to Hebrew morphological segmentation. In Proceedings of the 15th SIGMORPHON Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology, pages 101–110, Brussels, Belgium. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Amir+Zeldes%2E+2018%2E+A+characterwise+windowed+approach+to+Hebrew+morphological+segmentation%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+15th+SIGMORPHON+Workshop+on+Computational+Research+in+Phonetics%2C+Phonology%2C+and+Morphol) [our card](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2018-zeldes-characterwise-windowed-approach-hebrew-morphological/)
22. Amir Zeldes and Caroline T. Schroeder. 2016. An NLP pipeline for Coptic. In Proceedings of the 10th ACL SIGHUM Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities (LaTeCH2016), pages 146–155, Berlin. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Amir+Zeldes+and+Caroline+T%2E+Schroeder%2E+2016%2E+An+NLP+pipeline+for+Coptic%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+10th+ACL+SIGHUM+Workshop+on+Language+Technology+for+Cultural+Heritage%2C+Social+Sciences%2C+and+Humanities+%28L)
23. Amir Zeldes and Dan Simonson. 2016. Different flavors of GUM: Evaluating genre and sentence type effects on multilayer corpus annotation quality. In Proceedings of the 10th Linguistic Annotation Workshop (LAW X), pages 68–78, Berlin. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Amir+Zeldes+and+Dan+Simonson%2E+2016%2E+Different+flavors+of+GUM%3A+Evaluating+genre+and+sentence+type+effects+on+multilayer+corpus+annotation+quality%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+10th+Linguistic+Annotation+Works) [our card](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2016-zeldes-different-flavors-gum-evaluating-genre/)