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# Shake-and-Bake Translation

**Authors:** P. Whitelock · **Year:** 1992 · **Venue:** COLING 1992 Volume 2 (14th International Conference on Computational Linguistics) **Link:** [aclanthology.org/C92-2117](https://aclanthology.org/C92-2117/) · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/) — summary only

[**20** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/whitelock-1992-shake-bake-translation/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[COLING 1992 Volume 2: The 14th International Conference on Computational Linguistics](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/C92-2/)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/C92-2117/)
- [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/C92-2117.pdf)

**Authors (1)**

1. Whitelock, P.

Citations and author metrics from OpenAlex (); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

The paper proposes Shake-and-Bake translation, in which lexical items are multi-dimensional signs and translation equivalence is defined between bags (multisets) of lexical items. Source analysis gives the bag on one side, and generation in the target language combines the corresponding target signs freely according to the target grammar. Shared variables in the logical forms enforce the semantic constraints, so that very different syntactic and logical structures can be related. The author reviews the structure-based answers (transfer and interlingua) and argues that the bag approach keeps the grammars modular. The paper states that generation from a bag is NP-complete, so a tractable system needs more structure on the bag, and it suggests learning the bilingual correspondences from aligned corpora. An implemented trilingual English, French and Japanese system is mentioned, without figures.

## Ideas

- I1. Treat the meta-world as a bag of concepts with relations, and let the encoder order it with the linearizer. Measure the search cost (candidate orders tried) on verses, and the exact-match rate, twice each.
- I2. Learn the bilingual correspondences from aligned verses, as the paper proposes. `meta.rs` already does this by counts; the test is the pair-trained word-by-word table against the meta-world on the same verses, which the translator's README reports as a tie on the distant pairs on test and a loss on dev.
- I3. Add an ordering prior: use the Markov classes in `en/src/lin.rs` to put the bag in a likely order before the search, and measure how many tries it takes to the first exact match. This is the paper's own fix for the NP-complete step, and it can be checked directly.

## For Mova

The code is `en/src/lin.rs` (the ordering prior) and `tools/translate` (the meta-world as the bag of concepts). The bag view is a clean way to state the core of the meta-world; the search cost is what to measure before adding structure.

Topics: [Machine translation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/topics/machine-translation/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```
@inproceedings{whitelock1992shake,
  title = {{Shake-and-Bake Translation}},
  author = {Whitelock, P.},
  booktitle = {COLING 1992 Volume 2: The 14th International Conference on Computational Linguistics},
  year = {1992},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/C92-2117/}
}
```

- [← previous A More Precise Analysis of Punctuation for Broad-Coverage Surface Realization with CCG](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/white-2008-more-precise-analysis-punctuation-broad/)
- [next → Semantics and world knowledge in MT](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/wilks-1976-semantics-world-knowledge-mt/)
- [↑ back to Machine translation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/mtrans/)

## References

40 references, 2 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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40. PROC. or: COLING-92. NANTES. AUG. 23-28. 1992 SHAKE-AND-BAKE TRANSLATION [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=PROC%2E+or%3A+COLING%2D92%2E+NANTES%2E+AUG%2E+23%2D28%2E+1992+SHAKE%2DAND%2DBAKE+TRANSLATION) [our card](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/whitelock-1992-shake-bake-translation/)