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# MIDAS: A Dialog Act Annotation Scheme for Open Domain Human-Machine Spoken Conversations

**Authors:** [Dian Yu](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/dian-yu/), [Zhou Yu](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/zhou-yu/) · **Year:** 2021 · **Venue:** EACL 2021 **Link:** [aclanthology.org/2021.eacl-main.94](https://aclanthology.org/2021.eacl-main.94/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

[**39** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3152908575) openalex · 2026-10-18[**8** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/yu-2021-midas-dialog-act-annotation-scheme/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[Proceedings of the 16th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Main Volume](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/2021.eacl-main/)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2021.eacl-main.94/)
- [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2021.eacl-main.94.pdf)
- [DOI 10.18653/v1/2021.eacl-main.94](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.eacl-main.94)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W3152908575)

**Authors (2)**

1. [Dian Yu](https://openalex.org/A5101834699) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8583-8931) · h 22 · 1814 citations · 68 works
2. [Zhou Yu](https://openalex.org/A5101815945) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1524-5890) · h 34 · 5055 citations · 236 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex (2026-10-18); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

MIDAS is a dialogue act scheme for people talking to a social chatbot, built because a SWBD-DAMSL tagger reached only 47% on such talk (commands are 9% of user turns there, 0.4% in Switchboard). It is a tree with 23 leaf tags in two branches. The semantic branch splits initiative acts (yes/no question, open factual question, open opinion question, command, task command, invalid command) from responsive ones (statement, general opinion, appreciation, complaint, comment, positive/negative/other answer). The functional branch holds incomplete turns (abandoned, nonsense) and social conventions (opening, closing, thanks, apology, back-channel, hold). Tags may co-occur, except opinion with statement and question with answer, and a priority order (question > command > answer > opinion > statement) picks the one the system acts on. Two annotators reached kappa 0.94 on 24K segments; a BERT multi-label tagger with the previous turn as context reaches F1 0.79 (0.71 without context), and the previous act label as context gives high precision but lower recall than the previous text.

## Ideas

- I1. Use the MIDAS priority order to pick Mova's single `act` when cues of several acts fire in one sentence («Thank you, but will you come tomorrow?» → ask over thank), and keep the others as secondary acts when a second slot is added (see `bunt-2017-revisiting-iso-standard-dialogue-act` I3). A rule in `prag/src/agree.rs`; measure act accuracy on silver sentences with two or more act cues.
- I2. Split Mova's `evaluate` the way MIDAS splits opinion: a *comment* on the previous speaker's claim with nothing new («She's probably right», «How true!») is closer to `agree`/`disagree`, while a *general opinion* brings new content. Silver shows evaluate→assert as the main confusion (139); check how many of those are comments on the previous line by another speaker, using the other-speaker-previous-act slot.
- I3. Test answers whose polarity is not their surface: «Why not?» as a yes, «I'd love to» as yes, «I don't think so» to «Do you want to…?» as a no that also refuses. Add them as minimal-pair tests for the reply reading and the `polarity` field (grammatical negation is not `neg`, as the schema already says).
- I4. Feed both the previous act and the previous words as context, not one of them: in MIDAS act-only context traded recall for precision. In `prag/src/feats.rs` add the previous sentence's first word and end punctuation next to `prev`; measure act macro-F1 with and without, on the cross-validated silver.
- I5. Separate factual from opinion questions in what the SLM student is asked: an opinion question («What do you think of the fox?») cannot be answered from remembered frames and should be routed or answered with a hedge in `world/src/talk.rs`. Count how many course questions are of this kind.

## For Mova

[31. Speech acts](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/31-speech-acts/) §7 (dialogue act schemes; MIDAS can sit next to DAMSL and ISO in the mapping table) and `38-dialogue-and-discourse-markers.md` §5, §10. Code: `prag/src/agree.rs` (priority), `prag/src/feats.rs` (context slots), `prag/src/schema.rs`, `world/src/talk.rs`. Measures: act accuracy on multi-cue sentences, evaluate/assert confusion, act macro-F1 in `prag eval`.

Topics: [Speech act theory](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/topics/speech-act-theory/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.18653/v1/2021.eacl-main.94](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.eacl-main.94)

```
@inproceedings{yu2021midas,
  title = {{MIDAS: A Dialog Act Annotation Scheme for Open Domain Human-Machine Spoken Conversations}},
  author = {Yu, Dian and Yu, Zhou},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 16th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Main Volume},
  year = {2021},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2021.eacl-main.94},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.eacl-main.94}
}
```

- [← previous Free the Plural: Unrestricted Split-Antecedent Anaphora Resolution](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/yu-2020-free-plural-unrestricted-split-antecedent/)
- [next → The CODI-CRAC 2022 Shared Task on Anaphora, Bridging, and Discourse Deixis in Dialogue](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/yu-2022-codi-crac-2022-shared-task/)
- [↑ back to English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/en/)

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