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# Assessing the influence of attractor-verb distance on grammatical agreement in humans and language models

**Authors:** Christos Zacharopoulos, Théo Desbordes, Mathias Sablé-Meyer · **Year:** 2023 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) **Link:** [aclanthology.org/2023.emnlp-main.998](https://aclanthology.org/2023.emnlp-main.998/) (ACL Anthology 2023.emnlp-main.998; DOI [10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.998](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.998)) **License of the paper:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) (ACL Anthology) — [creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

[**0** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4389519417) openalex · 2026-10-18[**1** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/zacharopoulos-2023-assessing-influence-attractor-verb-distance/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/2023.emnlp-main/)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2023.emnlp-main.998/)
- [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2023.emnlp-main.998.pdf)
- [DOI 10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.998](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.998)
- [arXiv 2311.16978](https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.16978)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4389519417)

**Authors (3)**

1. [Christos Zacharopoulos](https://openalex.org/A5046581649) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3430-5115) · h 1 · 1 citations · 9 works
2. [Théo Desbordes](https://openalex.org/A5028116010) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5051) · h 7 · 879 citations · 18 works
3. Mathias Sablé-Meyer

Citations and author metrics from openalex (2026-10-18); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## Summary

The study asks how the distance between an attractor noun and the verb affects subject–verb number agreement in people and in neural language models. An attractor is an intervening noun whose number may differ from the subject's. The authors construct English sentences of fixed length in which the attractor is either right before the verb or further away, plus a baseline with no intervening noun. Humans judged grammaticality of sentences presented word by word, and the same stimuli were given to two transformer models. Both humans and models err more when the attractor is close to the verb, but in the hardest conditions models fall to near chance while humans mostly overcome the interference. The authors attribute the proximity effect to local transition probabilities between neighbouring words, while acknowledging that cue-based memory retrieval could also explain it. Superficially similar behaviour thus hides different processing of syntax.

## How Mova uses it

- [Attraction through an of-phrase: "A pattern of arrests indicate"](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/en/seeds/errors/attraction-of-phrase/): rule `en.errors.attraction-of` in the English grammar expert system (`en/src/expert.rs`) — a singular head noun with a plural *of*-phrase followed by a plural verb ("A pattern of arrests indicate"). The paper motivates why an attractor adjacent to the verb is the typical error site.
- [Plural subject with VBZ](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/en/seeds/errors/plural-subject-singular-verb/): rule `en.errors.plural-subject-vbz`, same background.
- The rules check agreement structurally through the subject relation in the dependency tree, so they are immune to the linear-proximity effect the paper documents.

## Effectiveness in Mova

Not measured separately. Background reading for two rules. Against the reference treebanks: attraction through *of* in EWT 2.18 — verbs 7 cases / 1 violation (exactly "pattern … indicate"), copula or auxiliary 13 / 5; GUM 16 / 3 and 27 / 8.

---

👨‍🔬💥

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.998](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.998) · [arXiv 2311.16978](https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.16978)

```
@inproceedings{zacharopoulos2023assessing,
  title = {{Assessing the influence of attractor-verb distance on grammatical agreement in humans and language models}},
  author = {Zacharopoulos, Christos and Desbordes, Théo and Sablé-Meyer, Mathias},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.998},
  eprint = {2311.16978},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.998}
}
```

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36. Matthew W Wagers, Ellen F Lau, and Colin Phillips. 2009. Agreement attraction in comprehension: Representations and processes. Journal of memory and language, 61(2):206–237. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Matthew+W+Wagers%2C+Ellen+F+Lau%2C+and+Colin+Phillips%2E+2009%2E+Agreement+attraction+in+comprehension%3A+Representations+and+processes%2E+Journal+of+memory+and+language%2C+61%282%29%3A206%E2%80%93237%2E)
37. Jana Willer Gold, Boban Arsenijević, Mia Batinić, Michael Becker, Nermina Čordalija, Marijana Kre-sić, Nedžad Leko, Franc Lanko Marušič, Tanja Mil-ićev, Nataša Milićević, et al. 2017. When linearity prevails over hierarchy in syntax. pnas. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Jana+Willer+Gold%2C+Boban+Arsenijevic%CC%81%2C+Mia+Batinic%CC%81%2C+Michael+Becker%2C+Nermina+C%CC%8Cordalija%2C+Marijana+Kre%2Dsic%CC%81%2C+Ned%C5%BEad+Leko%2C+Franc+Lanko+Maru%C5%A1ic%CC%8C%2C+Tanja+Mil%2Dic%CC%81ev%2C+Nata%C5%A1a+Milic%CC%81evic%CC%81%2C+et+al%2E+2017%2E+When+lin)