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# GRICE: A Grammar-based Dataset for Recovering Implicature and Conversational rEasoning

**Authors:** Zilong Zheng, Shuwen Qiu, Lifeng Fan, Yixin Zhu, Song-Chun Zhu · **Year:** 2021 · **Venue:** Findings of ACL-IJCNLP 2021 **Link:** [aclanthology.org/2021.findings-acl.182](https://aclanthology.org/2021.findings-acl.182/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) (paper)

[**12** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3176448872) openalex · 2026-10-18[**24** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/zheng-2021-grice-grammar-based-dataset-recovering/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL-IJCNLP 2021](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/2021.findings-acl/)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2021.findings-acl.182/)
- [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2021.findings-acl.182.pdf)
- [DOI 10.18653/v1/2021.findings-acl.182](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.findings-acl.182)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W3176448872)

**Authors (5)**

1. [Zilong Zheng](https://openalex.org/A5056521090) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1219-5151) · h 12 · 608 citations · 39 works
2. [Shuwen Qiu](https://openalex.org/A5040546128) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3840-9782) · h 6 · 130 citations · 21 works
3. [Lifeng Fan](https://openalex.org/A5033567588) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1361-9801) · h 14 · 911 citations · 42 works
4. [Yixin Zhu](https://openalex.org/A5051255725) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7024-1545) · h 37 · 4473 citations · 160 works
5. [Song-Chun Zhu](https://openalex.org/A5110609450) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1925-5973) · h 81 · 28009 citations · 818 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex (2026-10-18); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

GRICE is a synthetic, bAbI-style dialogue dataset. In a small simulated world of agents, objects and rooms, Alice asks questions, and Bob answers with replies that carry one of five implicature types. Relevance: «Did you see the apples?» — «There is a basket in the dining room». Strengthening: «All of them are there». Limiting: «Some are» → not all. Ignorance: «in the kitchen or the bedroom» → the speaker does not know which. Close-but: «Did you put them there?» — «I was in the living room» → no. Dialogues are generated by a temporal And-Or grammar with synonym variation, pronouns and elliptical follow-ups («What about the apples?»). There are two tasks: choose the explicit paraphrase of an answer among distractors (wrong coreferent, irrelevant true fact, wrong fact, near miss) and answer bAbI-like questions about the world, including belief questions. Memory networks do well on recovery (97% R@1) but only 67% on reasoning against human 97.5%; an explicit recovery module adds about 5 points.

## Ideas

- I1. Add the ignorance implicature to `prag/src/infer.rs`. A disjunction «X or Y» in an assertion (not under a question or a conditional) implicates that the speaker does not know which disjunct holds, with the `or` dependency as the trigger in the explanation. The scale «or < and» is already in `SCALES`; this is the clausal (epistemic) half that is missing.
- I2. Teach the QUD stack (`world/src/qud.rs`) the close-but and relevance answers to yes/no questions. If the question asks «did X do P at L?» and the answer places X at a different location L′ at that time, then the answer is «no», with the explanation «X was at L′, not L». This needs only the place role of frames and a disjointness check on locations, which bAbI already uses in `world/src/babi.rs`.
- I3. Build our own generator in the GRICE style on top of the bAbI world code. Generate question–indirect answer pairs with each of the five implicature types, each labelled with the intended explicit form. This gives a fully licensed, red-capable test set for `infer` and `qud`: an answer with no implicature must yield no inference. Measure recovery accuracy per type.
- I4. The distractor recipe (wrong coreferent, irrelevant but true fact, contradicting fact, near miss) is a good template for the school-course option sets. It also maps onto the failure steps of `world knowledge diagnose` (step 4 vs step 5): one could report the student's errors by distractor type.

## For Mova

[33. Implicature and presupposition](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/33-implicature-and-presupposition/) §3–5 (kinds of implicature, scalar and other Quantity inferences) and §10 (the inference module), [38. Dialogue, discourse markers and reported speech](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/38-dialogue-and-discourse-markers/) §9 (questions and answers in dialogue); `prag/src/infer.rs`, `world/src/qud.rs`, `world/src/babi.rs`; measures: per-type recovery accuracy on the generated set, with a no-implicature control.

Topics: [Implicature](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/topics/implicature/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.18653/v1/2021.findings-acl.182](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.findings-acl.182)

```
@inproceedings{zheng2021grice,
  title = {{GRICE: A Grammar-based Dataset for Recovering Implicature and Conversational rEasoning}},
  author = {Zheng, Zilong and Qiu, Shuwen and Fan, Lifeng and Zhu, Yixin and Zhu, Song-Chun},
  booktitle = {Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL-IJCNLP 2021},
  year = {2021},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2021.findings-acl.182},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.findings-acl.182}
}
```

- [← previous Evaluating and Enhancing the Robustness of Neural Network-based Dependency Parsing Models with Adversarial Examples](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/zheng-2020-evaluating-enhancing-robustness-neural-network/)
- [next → Anatomy of OntoGUM—Adapting GUM to the OntoNotes Scheme to Evaluate Robustness of SOTA Coreference Algorithms](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/zhu-2021-anatomy-ontogum-adapting-gum-ontonotes/)
- [↑ back to English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/en/)

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