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- [ab](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/ab/) — Abkhaz (ab) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [abq](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/abq/) — Abaza (abq) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [af](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/af/) — Afrikaans (af) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [aii](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/aii/) — Assyrian (aii) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [ajp](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/ajp/) — South Levantine Arabic (ajp) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [akk](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/akk/) — Akkadian (akk) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 4
- [aln](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/aln/) — Gheg (aln) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [am](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/am/) — Amharic (am) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [ang](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/ang/) — Old English (ang) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [apu](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/apu/) — Apurina (apu) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [aqz](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/aqz/) — Akuntsu (aqz) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [ar](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/ar/) — Arabic (ar) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 6
- [arh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/arh/) — Ika (arh) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [arr](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/arr/) — Karo (arr) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [as](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/as/) — Assamese (as) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [axm](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/axm/) — Middle Armenian (axm) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [az](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/az/) — Azerbaijani (az) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [azz](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/azz/) — Highland Puebla Nahuatl (azz) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [bar](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/bar/) — Bavarian (bar) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [be](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/be/) — Belarusian (be) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [bej](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/bej/) — Beja (bej) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [bg](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/bg/) — Bulgarian (bg) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [bho](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/bho/) — Bhojpuri (bho) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [bm](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/bm/) — Bambara (bm) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [bn](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/bn/) — Bengali (bn) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [bor](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/bor/) — Bororo (bor) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [br](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/br/) — Breton (br) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [brh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/brh/) — Brahui (brh) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [bxr](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/bxr/) — Buryat (bxr) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [ca](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/ca/) — Catalan (ca) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [ceb](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/ceb/) — Cebuano (ceb) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [ckb](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/ckb/) — Central Kurdish (ckb) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [ckt](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/ckt/) — Chukchi (ckt) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [cop](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/cop/) — Coptic (cop) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 4
- [cpg](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/cpg/) — Cappadocian (cpg) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 4
- [cs](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/cs/) — Czech (cs) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 12
- [ctn](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/ctn/) — Chintang (ctn) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [cu](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/cu/) — Old Church Slavonic (cu) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [cy](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/cy/) — Welsh (cy) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [da](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/da/) — Danish (da) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [de](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/de/) — German (de) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 8
- [egy](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/egy/) — Egyptian (egy) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [el](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/el/) — Greek (el) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 12
- [eme](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/eme/) — Teko (eme) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/en/) — English (en) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 106
- [eo](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/eo/) — Esperanto (eo) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 4
- [es](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/es/) — Spanish (es) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 8
- [ess](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/ess/) — Yupik (ess) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [et](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/et/) — Estonian (et) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 4
- [eu](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/eu/) — Basque (eu) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [fa](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/fa/) — Persian (fa) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 4
- [fi](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/fi/) — Finnish (fi) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 8
- [fo](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/fo/) — Faroese (fo) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 4
- [fr](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/fr/) — French (fr) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 18
- [frm](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/frm/) — Middle French (frm) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 4
- [fro](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/fro/) — Old French (fro) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 4
- [ga](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/ga/) — Irish (ga) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 6
- [gd](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/gd/) — Scottish Gaelic (gd) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [gl](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/gl/) — Galician (gl) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 6
- [gn](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/gn/) — Guarani (gn) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [gor](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/gor/) — Gorontalo (gor) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [got](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/got/) — Gothic (got) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [grc](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/grc/) — Ancient Greek (grc) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 6
- [gsw](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/gsw/) — Alemannic (gsw) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 4
- [gu](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/gu/) — Gujarati (gu) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [gub](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/gub/) — Guajajara (gub) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [gun](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/gun/) — Mbya Guarani (gun) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [gv](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/gv/) — Manx (gv) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [gwi](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/gwi/) — Gwichin (gwi) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [gya](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/gya/) — Northwest Gbaya (gya) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [ha](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/ha/) — Hausa (ha) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 8
- [hbo](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/hbo/) — Ancient Hebrew (hbo) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [he](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/he/) — Hebrew (he) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 8
- [hi](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/hi/) — Hindi (hi) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 4
- [hit](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/hit/) — Hittite (hit) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [hr](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/hr/) — Croatian (hr) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [hsb](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/hsb/) — Upper Sorbian (hsb) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [ht](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/ht/) — Haitian Creole (ht) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 4
- [hu](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/hu/) — Hungarian (hu) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [hy](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/hy/) — Armenian (hy) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 4
- [hyw](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/hyw/) — Western Armenian (hyw) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [id](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/id/) — Indonesian (id) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 6
- [is](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/is/) — Icelandic (is) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 8
- [it](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/it/) — Italian (it) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 22
- [ja](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/ja/) — Japanese (ja) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 12
- [jaa](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/jaa/) — Madi (jaa) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [jv](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/jv/) — Javanese (jv) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [ka](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/ka/) — Georgian (ka) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 4
- [kbc](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/kbc/) — Kadiweu (kbc) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [kk](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/kk/) — Kazakh (kk) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [kmr](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/kmr/) — Northern Kurdish (kmr) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [ko](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/ko/) — Korean (ko) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 10
- [koi](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/koi/) — Komi Permyak (koi) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [kpv](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/kpv/) — Komi Zyrian (kpv) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 4
- [krl](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/krl/) — Karelian (krl) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [ky](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/ky/) — Kyrgyz (ky) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 4
- [la](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/la/) — Latin (la) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 12
- [lb](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/lb/) — Luxembourgish (lb) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [lij](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/lij/) — Ligurian (lij) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 2
- [lt](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/lt/) — Lithuanian (lt) — UD 2.18 treebanks · 4
- [all 980 pages in this folder and below →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/all/)

# Treebanks: seeds, papers and converters

Every UD treebank has a folder here, with what Mova knows about it: its annotation habits, the papers about it, and the rules for converting between its dialect and Mova's.

**Layout:** `treebanks/<language>/<treebank>/`. The language is the ISO code, as in the UD files: `en`, `uk`, `de`…

Each treebank folder holds:

- [Treebanks: seeds, papers and converters](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/): a card from the UD release metadata — licence, genres, size, authors;
- [papers.md](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/): the papers about the treebank, linked to the library;
- `seeds/*.md`: seeds — the treebank's annotation conventions, how it differs from the Mova dialect, and known errors;
- `convert.md`: the converter rules between the Mova dialect and the treebank's.

[The Mova dialect: a UD metadialect, treebanks, and converters](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/docs/dialect/) explains why all this exists and how the converters work. Representations and UD versions (SUD, Enhanced UD, older UD, Stanford Dependencies…) live next door, in [`dialects/`](https://github.com/ElamurAI/mova-free/blob/main/dialects).

Code generates the cards and the paper lists from the UD release; [UD 2.18 treebanks — index](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/INDEX/) is the index. The seeds are written by hand. Missing papers were fetched into the library by its usual pipeline.

## Cards, papers and indexes (`tools/treebanks`, 2026-09-26)

**Generated** by `tools/treebanks build`:

```
treebanks build raw/multi-ud/ud-treebanks-v2.18.tgz raw/ud-docs/docs/treebanks \
  raw/acl-anthology/anthology+abstracts.bib.gz papers treebanks runs/treebanks-2026-09-26
```

(The `raw/` and `runs/` paths are in the data directory.) The command writes only the treebanks' [Treebanks: seeds, papers and converters](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/) and [papers.md](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/), plus `<language>/README.md` and [UD 2.18 treebanks — index](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/INDEX/). It never touches `seeds/` or `convert.md`. Do not edit generated files by hand: regenerate them.

**A card** (`<language>/<treebank>/README.md`) has:

- the UD name, the language and its family, licence, genres, authors and contact, and «in UD since», all from the machine-readable metadata of the release README;
- the layers Lemmas, UPOS, XPOS, Features and Relations, with how each was annotated (manual native, converted, automatic…);
- the size per train/dev/test: sentences, tokens, words, multiword tokens, empty nodes;
- the Summary and Introduction of the README, quoted.

The language and treebank codes come from the `.conllu` file names (`fr_gsd-ud-train.conllu` → `fr/gsd`).

**Gates.** Nothing is written unless both hold:

- the size, counted by streaming through the archive, equals the release's `stats.xml` for every part and in total;
- every README has its metadata: licence, genres, the five layers, authors, «Data available since».

**Papers** ([papers.md](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/)). References are taken from the release README and from the treebank's page in the UD docs: the References, Citation, How to cite and BibTeX sections, bibtex entries, and DOIs and ACL Anthology URLs anywhere. They are matched in this order:

1. an ACL id from a URL or a DOI `10.18653/v1/…`: the library first, then ACL;
2. another DOI;
3. bibtex: the title equals the paper's title;
4. free text: the paper's whole title stands in the reference, with word boundaries.

Steps 3 and 4 also need the year and an author's surname.

A year off by one is accepted only for long titles (≥ 6 words, ≥ 4 in bibtex) and is marked «year in README ±1» in the list. The reason: the TLT16 volume is dated 2017, while the conference took place in January 2018.

Whatever is not found goes, as a raw line, under «Outside the ACL Anthology — not fetched». When a title almost matched but failed one check, a hint stands next to it: «a similar paper … — not confirmed: year / authors / title boundaries».

**Missing papers** were fetched by the library's usual pipeline:

1. `sources bib-ids`: the manifest `treebanks.jsonl`, topic `treebanks`;
2. `sources plan`, then curl at ≤ 3 requests a second, then `sources verify`;
3. `papers import`, `notes`, `index`, `html`.

The working files of the run are in `runs/treebanks-2026-09-26/`:

- `refs.jsonl`: every reference item with its result;
- `title-matches.tsv`: matches by title and bibtex, for review by eye;
- `treebanks-ids.txt`, `treebanks.jsonl`: what was fetched.

**State (UD 2.18):**

- 353 treebanks, 193 languages (codes);
- 734 reference items: 312 matched to the library, 422 outside the ACL Anthology;
- 217 distinct papers, 283 treebank–paper pairs;
- 86 papers fetched: 59 with text in the library, 26 under NC kept as a card only, and W17-8102 with no PDF on the Anthology.

## Licence

Elamur Cosmic License ([Elamur Cosmic License](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/LICENSE/)). Third-party data keeps its own terms, as noted where it is used.