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- [papers.md](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/ko/ksl/papers/) — Papers: UD_Korean-KSL

# UD_Korean-KSL

Treebank card from UD release 2.18: metadata and texts come from `UD_Korean-KSL/README.md`; size is counted by streaming the `.conllu` files and checked against the release `stats.xml`. Generated by `tools/treebanks build`; do not edit by hand. Papers: [Papers: UD_Korean-KSL](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/ko/ksl/papers/); seeds: `seeds/`; converter: `convert.md`.

| Field | Value |
| --- | --- |
| UD name | UD_Korean-KSL |
| Language | Korean (`ko`) |
| Family | Korean |
| Treebank code | `ko_ksl` |
| UD page | [universaldependencies.org/treebanks/ko ksl/index.html](https://universaldependencies.org/treebanks/ko_ksl/index.html) |
| License | CC BY-SA 4.0 |
| Genres | learner-essays |
| Text in data | yes |
| Parallel | no |
| In UD since | UD v2.15 |
| Authors | Hakyung Sung; Gyu-Ho Shin |
| Contact | [hksung001@gmail.com](mailto:hksung001@gmail.com); Shin, [ghshin@uic.edu](mailto:ghshin@uic.edu) |
| Development | in the UD repo (here) |

## Annotation layers

| Layer | Origin |
| --- | --- |
| Lemmas | manual native |
| UPOS | converted with corrections |
| XPOS | manual native |
| Features | converted from manual |
| Relations | manual native |

UD scale: *manual native* — annotated by hand directly in UD; *converted from manual* — converted from manual annotation in another scheme; *converted with corrections* — converted and partly corrected by hand; *automatic with corrections* — automatic, with partial manual corrections; *automatic* — automatic; *not available* — the layer is absent.

## Size

| Split | Sentences | Tokens | Words | Multiword tokens | Empty nodes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| train | 14 076 | 125 950 | 125 950 | 0 | 0 |
| dev | 1 480 | 12 852 | 12 852 | 0 | 0 |
| test | 1 813 | 16 302 | 16 302 | 0 | 0 |
| **total** | 17 369 | 155 104 | 155 104 | 0 | 0 |

Tokens are surface tokens (Spanish `vámonos` is one), words are syntactic words (`vamos` + `nos`); multiword tokens are those split into several words; empty nodes are the `N.M` nodes of the enhanced graph.

## Summary

> UD_Korean-KSL is a dependency treebank of second-language (L2) Korean.

## Introduction

> The annotated sentences are sourced from three datasets: (1) the Kyung Hee dataset, with sentence IDs starting with `KH` and annotated with classroom proficiency levels (A1–C2); (2) the KoLLA dataset, with sentence IDs starting with `KL` and grouped as fb (foreign beginners), fi (foreign intermediates), and hb (heritage beginners); (3) argumentative essays, with sentence IDs starting with `ARG` and grouped by first language: CHN (Chinese), CZH (Czech), ENG (English), and JPN (Japanese).

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