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- [papers.md](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/qti/butr/papers/) — Papers: UD_Turkish_English-BUTR

# UD_Turkish_English-BUTR

Treebank card from UD release 2.18: metadata and texts come from `UD_Turkish_English-BUTR/README.md`; size is counted by streaming the `.conllu` files and checked against the release `stats.xml`. Generated by `tools/treebanks build`; do not edit by hand. Papers: [Papers: UD_Turkish_English-BUTR](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/qti/butr/papers/); seeds: `seeds/`; converter: `convert.md`.

| Field | Value |
| --- | --- |
| UD name | UD_Turkish_English-BUTR |
| Language | Turkish English (`qti`) |
| Family | Code switching |
| Treebank code | `qti_butr` |
| UD page | [universaldependencies.org/treebanks/qti butr/index.html](https://universaldependencies.org/treebanks/qti_butr/index.html) |
| License | CC BY-SA 4.0 |
| Genres | spoken, social |
| Text in data | yes |
| Parallel | no |
| In UD since | UD v2.16 |
| Authors | Furkan Akkurt; Nursena Teker; Helin Binici; Ahmet Demir; Konstantinos Sampanis |
| Contact | [furkan.akkurt@bogazici.edu.tr](mailto:furkan.akkurt@bogazici.edu.tr) |
| Development | in the UD repo (here) |

## Annotation layers

| Layer | Origin |
| --- | --- |
| Lemmas | manual native |
| UPOS | manual native |
| XPOS | not available |
| Features | manual native |
| Relations | manual native |

UD scale: *manual native* — annotated by hand directly in UD; *converted from manual* — converted from manual annotation in another scheme; *converted with corrections* — converted and partly corrected by hand; *automatic with corrections* — automatic, with partial manual corrections; *automatic* — automatic; *not available* — the layer is absent.

## Size

| Split | Sentences | Tokens | Words | Multiword tokens | Empty nodes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| test | 58 | 441 | 441 | 0 | 0 |
| **total** | 58 | 441 | 441 | 0 | 0 |

Tokens are surface tokens (Spanish `vámonos` is one), words are syntactic words (`vamos` + `nos`); multiword tokens are those split into several words; empty nodes are the `N.M` nodes of the enhanced graph. Splits train, dev are absent from the release.

## Summary

> UD_Turkish_English-BUTR is a treebank of Turkish-English code-switched sentences collected from Boğaziçi University students, annotated in the Universal Dependencies framework to provide a standardized resource for analyzing syntactic patterns in Turkish-English code-switching.

## Introduction

> The UD_Turkish_English-BUTR treebank contains annotated Turkish-English code-switched sentences collected from Boğaziçi University students. The term "Boğaziçi Turkish" refers to the variety of Turkish influenced by English commonly spoken by Boğaziçi University students and characterized by frequent code-switching. This linguistic phenomenon, sometimes referred to as "Boğaziçi Tarzancası" (Boğaziçi Tarzan-speak) in informal settings, represents a distinct sociolinguistic practice that has remained largely unexamined in the linguistic literature.
> 
> The treebank was developed using a semi-automated annotation pipeline within the Universal Dependencies framework. The process began with preliminary annotation using the language model Claude 3.5 Sonnet, followed by manual verification and correction by four annotators using ArboratorGrew. The annotation scheme aligns with existing Turkish UD treebanks while incorporating necessary adjustments for code-switching phenomena, particularly in head assignment within mixed-language constructions.
> 
> Qualitative analysis of the treebank reveals distinctive code-switching patterns, including English verbs with Turkish auxiliaries, academic terminology, and pragmatic expressions. A notable pattern is the morphological integration of English verbs into Turkish syntax, exemplified by constructions like "drop-bylayacağım" ("I will drop by"), where English phrasal verbs receive Turkish morphological markers.
> 
> The Universal Dependencies analysis demonstrates three key syntactic patterns in Boğaziçi Turkish: preservation of Turkish syntactic structure with English lexical insertions, morphological adaptation of English verbs, and code-switching at specific syntactic boundaries.
> 
> The treebank captures three main contact phenomena:
> 
> - **Code-switching (CS):** Full English phrases or clauses embedded in Turkish discourse, both intrasentential and intersentential.
> - **Lexical adaptation (LA):** English words integrated with Turkish morphology, such as "drop-bylayacağım" ("I will drop by") or "overthinkledim" ("I overthought").
> - **Loan translation (LT):** Calques of English expressions using Turkish lexemes, such as "toplantı almak" (loan translation of "to get a meeting").
> 
> Each sentence is annotated with the following comment-level metadata:
> 
> - `# type` — Primary contact phenomenon (CS, LA, or LT)
> - `# text_en` — English translation
> - `# medium` — Communication medium (Written or Spoken), where known
> 
> Token-level language identification is provided via `Lang=tr` / `Lang=en` in the MISC column. Morpheme-level code-switching boundaries are marked with `CSID=MIXED` and `CSPoint` features.
> 
> This treebank provides a standardized resource for analyzing syntactic patterns in Turkish-English code-switching, facilitating further research in computational linguistics.

- [↑ back to Turkish English (qti) — UD 2.18 treebanks](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/treebanks/qti/)